Popular Diets Flashcards
What are 4 types of weight-loss diets?
- nutritionally balanced
- nutritionally unbalanced
- calorically dilute
- fasting
For which type of patients would you recommend fasting (Protein Sparing Modified Fast)? What are the conditions to apply this diet?
- to patients with uncontrolled diabetes, bariatric surgery, very obese
- important to monitor electrolytes and supervise the patient
The nutritionally balanced diet has how many kcal?
<1200kcal
The nutritionally unbalanced diet has how many kcal?
800-1200kcal
What are the nutritionally unbalanced diets?
- high fat low carb
- high carb low fat
The VLCD diet has how many kcal?
<600-800kcal
fasting = <500kcal
What are the characteristics of a low carb diet?
- ketosis
- decreased appetite
- small excretory loss of calories
Which diets slow ingestion rate (require more chewing)?
calorically dilute diets
High FAT, low CHO diets are known as:
- Atkins
- protein power
- Carb addicts’
- Keto diet
Very low FAT diets are known as:
- Ornish-Eat More Weigh Less
- Pritikin Principle
What is essential when assessing diet plans or diets?
- Nutritionally adequate (-> no deficiencies)
- Produces weight loss for all individuals? (-> 3500kcal deficit)
- Healthy guidelines?
True or false
High insulin leads to insulin resistance and favors fat deposition
FALSE
only true if eat excess carbs, then they will be stored as fat
Low CHO is how many g
<60g
Atkins diet
OG: 60-65% fat, <20g CHO
NEW: 4 phases that vary from 20 - 100g CHO (last phase)
Potential harms of Atkins diet?
High in saturated fats, CVD risk
Low fiber and B vitamins
Potential benefits of Atkins diet?
Low in added sugars
May improve diet quality
Reduced calories in most
Reduces serum TG
Ketogenic Diet
6-12%CHO
60-70%FAT
20-30%PROT
How much CHO induces ketosis?
<50g per day
Difference between Atkins & Keto diet?
Keto diet doesn’t not include grains, starches, fruits, starchy veg.
Atkins includes some in stages 3 and 4.
During the hypo caloric phase of a diet, between the low carb-high fat and high carb-low fat, which diet has the most important weight loss?
Low carb-high fat (but gain it back after)
= water shifts
Do low fat, OR low carb diets have:
- an effect on genotype?
- an effect of baseline insulin secretion
No effects on both
What are short term side effects of keto diets?
- hyperuricemia
- constipation, halitosis, muscle cramps, rash, diarrhea, weak
- lower exercise tolerance
- irritability
- insomnia
What are long term side effects of keto diets?
- renal stones
- acidosis and excess ketosis
- optic neuropathy
- thiamine deficiency -> optic neuropathy
- carnitine deficiency
- water-soluble vitamin deficiency
- elevated serum LDL
In Ornish’s diet, what should be:
- eaten in moderation?
- avoided completely ?
moderation: non-fat dairy, non-fat and very low fat products
avoid: meats, oils, avocados, nuts, seeds, olives, egg yolks, simple sugars, alcohol, dairy products
Potential harms of Ornish’s diet?
- high sugar
- low in liposoluble vitamins, EFA
- potential for gaining weight
Which diet could be very balanced?
Volumetrics diet
When does weight loss occur?
With energy restriction but unpredictable in long-term
Extreme diets are inadequate in many nutrients: _
iron, calcium, zinc, vit D, E, thiamin
What are adverse effects of severe dieting?
- Gallstones
- Osteoporosis
- Yo-Yo weight cycling
A BMI
BMI<27
Which drug therapy cause muscle wasting?
steroids, antineoplastic agents
What are 4 different types of intermittent fasting?
- 5:2
- alternate day
- modified fast
- time-restricted
Intermittent fasting is significant in :
reducing waist circumference, fat mass and insulin
Intermittent fasting is not significant in :
reducing fat-free mass
What are nutrients of concern for paleo diets?
low calcium, vitamin D
How many calories are juice cleanses?
850-1200 kcal
19g protein
What are benefits of juice cleanses?
None
Risks outweigh benefits.
What are limitations to mobile weight loss apps?
- absence of guidance from healthcare prof
- diet quality ignored
- unvalidated food database
- goal based on caloric intake not quality
