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Clinical Nutrition 1 > Popular Diets > Flashcards

Popular Diets Flashcards

1
Q

What are 4 types of weight-loss diets?

A
  • nutritionally balanced
  • nutritionally unbalanced
  • calorically dilute
  • fasting
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2
Q

For which type of patients would you recommend fasting (Protein Sparing Modified Fast)? What are the conditions to apply this diet?

A
  • to patients with uncontrolled diabetes, bariatric surgery, very obese
  • important to monitor electrolytes and supervise the patient
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3
Q

The nutritionally balanced diet has how many kcal?

A

<1200kcal

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4
Q

The nutritionally unbalanced diet has how many kcal?

A

800-1200kcal

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5
Q

What are the nutritionally unbalanced diets?

A
  • high fat low carb

- high carb low fat

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6
Q

The VLCD diet has how many kcal?

A

<600-800kcal

fasting = <500kcal

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of a low carb diet?

A
  • ketosis
  • decreased appetite
  • small excretory loss of calories
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8
Q

Which diets slow ingestion rate (require more chewing)?

A

calorically dilute diets

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9
Q

High FAT, low CHO diets are known as:

A
  • Atkins
  • protein power
  • Carb addicts’
  • Keto diet
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10
Q

Very low FAT diets are known as:

A
  • Ornish-Eat More Weigh Less

- Pritikin Principle

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11
Q

What is essential when assessing diet plans or diets?

A
  • Nutritionally adequate (-> no deficiencies)
  • Produces weight loss for all individuals? (-> 3500kcal deficit)
  • Healthy guidelines?
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12
Q

True or false

High insulin leads to insulin resistance and favors fat deposition

A

FALSE

only true if eat excess carbs, then they will be stored as fat

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13
Q

Low CHO is how many g

A

<60g

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14
Q

Atkins diet

A

OG: 60-65% fat, <20g CHO
NEW: 4 phases that vary from 20 - 100g CHO (last phase)

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15
Q

Potential harms of Atkins diet?

A

High in saturated fats, CVD risk

Low fiber and B vitamins

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16
Q

Potential benefits of Atkins diet?

A

Low in added sugars
May improve diet quality
Reduced calories in most
Reduces serum TG

17
Q

Ketogenic Diet

A

6-12%CHO
60-70%FAT
20-30%PROT

18
Q

How much CHO induces ketosis?

A

<50g per day

19
Q

Difference between Atkins & Keto diet?

A

Keto diet doesn’t not include grains, starches, fruits, starchy veg.
Atkins includes some in stages 3 and 4.

20
Q

During the hypo caloric phase of a diet, between the low carb-high fat and high carb-low fat, which diet has the most important weight loss?

A

Low carb-high fat (but gain it back after)

= water shifts

21
Q

Do low fat, OR low carb diets have:

  • an effect on genotype?
  • an effect of baseline insulin secretion
A

No effects on both

22
Q

What are short term side effects of keto diets?

A
  • hyperuricemia
  • constipation, halitosis, muscle cramps, rash, diarrhea, weak
  • lower exercise tolerance
  • irritability
  • insomnia
23
Q

What are long term side effects of keto diets?

A
  • renal stones
  • acidosis and excess ketosis
  • optic neuropathy
  • thiamine deficiency -> optic neuropathy
  • carnitine deficiency
  • water-soluble vitamin deficiency
  • elevated serum LDL
24
Q

In Ornish’s diet, what should be:

  • eaten in moderation?
  • avoided completely ?
A

moderation: non-fat dairy, non-fat and very low fat products
avoid: meats, oils, avocados, nuts, seeds, olives, egg yolks, simple sugars, alcohol, dairy products

25
Q

Potential harms of Ornish’s diet?

A
  • high sugar
  • low in liposoluble vitamins, EFA
  • potential for gaining weight
26
Q

Which diet could be very balanced?

A

Volumetrics diet

27
Q

When does weight loss occur?

A

With energy restriction but unpredictable in long-term

28
Q

Extreme diets are inadequate in many nutrients: _

A

iron, calcium, zinc, vit D, E, thiamin

29
Q

What are adverse effects of severe dieting?

A
  • Gallstones
  • Osteoporosis
  • Yo-Yo weight cycling
30
Q

A BMI

A

BMI<27

31
Q

Which drug therapy cause muscle wasting?

A

steroids, antineoplastic agents

32
Q

What are 4 different types of intermittent fasting?

A
  • 5:2
  • alternate day
  • modified fast
  • time-restricted
33
Q

Intermittent fasting is significant in :

A

reducing waist circumference, fat mass and insulin

34
Q

Intermittent fasting is not significant in :

A

reducing fat-free mass

35
Q

What are nutrients of concern for paleo diets?

A

low calcium, vitamin D

36
Q

How many calories are juice cleanses?

A

850-1200 kcal

19g protein

37
Q

What are benefits of juice cleanses?

A

None

Risks outweigh benefits.

38
Q

What are limitations to mobile weight loss apps?

A
  • absence of guidance from healthcare prof
  • diet quality ignored
  • unvalidated food database
  • goal based on caloric intake not quality

Clinical Nutrition 1 (13 decks)

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