popluation Flashcards
define Population
Population is the total number of people inhabiting a specific area.
Factors that affect population (8
but name 4)
- Birth rates
- Living standards
- Contraception
- Changes in female employment
- Marriage
- Death rates
- Net Migration
- Employment/wages:
Reasons for differing death rates in different economies (4)
- Living standards: lack of good-quality food, shelter and medical care.
- Medical advances and heath care: lack of medical care and infrastructure in less-developed countries continue to be a cause for high death rates.
- Natural disasters and wars
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Net Migration:
A net inward migration will increase the working population of the economy, but can put pressure on governments finances as demand for housing, education and welfare increase. A net outward migration may increase the income per capita
Why do different countries have different birth rates (4)
- Living standards: improved quality and availability of food, housing, clean water and medical care result in fewer babies dying.
- Changes in female employment: more females in developed countries entering the labour force has resulted in falling birth rates since they do not want motherhood to affect their careers.
- Marriage: in developed countries, people are tending to marry later in life, so birth rates have reduced.
- Death rates: the number of people who die each year compared to every 1000 people of the population is the death rate of an economy.
Reasons for differing net migration in different economies
- Living standards: people move to countries where living standards are high which they can benefit from.
- Employment/wages: people migrate mainly to seek better job opportunities.
- Climate: very cold or very warm countries/regions will face more emigration than other countries.
how can The structure of a population can be analyzed? ( 5 )
- Age distribution
- Gender distribution
- Population pyramids
- 4.Occupational distribution
- 5.Geographic distribution
Effects of increasing population size in a good way (4)
- increases market size and thus potential for increase in aggregate demand in the long-run.
- Higher demand and incomes will lead to more economic growth and expansion.
- Increased** supply of labour.**
- Shift of employment and output from the primary sector towards the services sector which will make the country more competitive.
Effects of increasing population size in a bad way (4)
- Fall in rate of productivity too many people working on limited resources means low productivity.
- Congestion of urban centres people will move to cities and towns which will become crowded.
- Puts more pressure on already scarce resources, especially land.
- More capital goods will have to be produced to sustain and satisfy the needs and wants of the enlarged population. thus increasing pollution.
Age distribution
The structure of a population can be analyzed using:
- the number of people in each age-group.
- Falling birth and death rates mean that the average age in developed countries are rising
- developing and less-developed economies, high death and birth rates result in low average ages.
Consequences of an ageing population
older people - ageing
- The workforce will decline and there will be much dependence on the tax-paying population to fund the welfare of old people.
- Increase in demand for products for old people including healthcare.
- The government will have to spend more on housing, old age welfare schemes etc.
- Old people are less mobile and so the economy will be slow to adapt to new technologies.
Gender distribution
The structure of a population can be analyzed using:
- indicates the no. of males ans females.
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Gender imbalance is an excess of males or females and is caused by
1. Wars killing many young males
1. Violence towards females (honour killings, rapes)
1. Sex-specific immigration – more males immigrate to a country looking for work
Consequences of changes in the gender distribution:
- having more females will encourage birth rates to rise and increase population growth
- more females in employment will increase productivity
- more females in education will increase living standards
- a more** balanced gender distribution** can aid better social equality as social attitudes towards women in education and employment become progressive
Population pyramids
The structure of a population can be analyzed using:
display the age and gender distribution of an economy. The vertical axes show the age groups and the horizontal axes show the gender groups- males on the left and females on the right.
Geographic distribution
The structure of a population can be analyzed using:
- where people live.
- In developing countries population puts a lot of pressure on scarce resources in these countries.
- In urban areas, population helped increase production and living standards but resulted in rapid consumption of natural resources and high levels of pollution.
Occupational distribution
The structure of a population can be analyzed using:
- what jobs people work in.
- In developed economies, more people work in the service sector and there is a huge migration of workers from primary production to manufacturing and service sectors.
- Female employment and self-employment are also rising, which will add to production and higher living standards.
- In less-developed economies, most people work in agriculture.
