popluation Flashcards
1
Q
define Population
A
Population is the total number of people inhabiting a specific area.
2
Q
Factors that affect population (8
but name 4)
A
- Birth rates
- Living standards
- Contraception
- Changes in female employment
- Marriage
- Death rates
- Net Migration
- Employment/wages:
3
Q
Reasons for differing death rates in different economies (4)
A
- Living standards: lack of good-quality food, shelter and medical care.
- Medical advances and heath care: lack of medical care and infrastructure in less-developed countries continue to be a cause for high death rates.
- Natural disasters and wars
-
Net Migration:
A net inward migration will increase the working population of the economy, but can put pressure on governments finances as demand for housing, education and welfare increase. A net outward migration may increase the income per capita
3
Q
Why do different countries have different birth rates (4)
A
- Living standards: improved quality and availability of food, housing, clean water and medical care result in fewer babies dying.
- Changes in female employment: more females in developed countries entering the labour force has resulted in falling birth rates since they do not want motherhood to affect their careers.
- Marriage: in developed countries, people are tending to marry later in life, so birth rates have reduced.
- Death rates: the number of people who die each year compared to every 1000 people of the population is the death rate of an economy.
4
Q
Reasons for differing net migration in different economies (3)
A
- Living standards: people move to countries where living standards are high which they can benefit from.
- Employment/wages: people migrate mainly to seek better job opportunities.
- Climate: very cold or very warm countries/regions will face more emigration than other countries.
5
Q
how can The structure of a population can be analyzed? ( 5 )
A
- Age distribution
- Gender distribution
- Population pyramids
- 4.Occupational distribution
- 5.Geographic distribution
6
Q
Effects of increasing population size in a good way (4)
A
- increases market size and thus potential for increase in aggregate demand in the long-run.
- Higher demand and incomes will lead to more economic growth and expansion.
- Increased supply of labour and increases factor mobilitdue to net immigration, a rise in the birth rates will increase the number of dependency ration in the short term but in the long term it will rise workers.
- Shift of employment and output from the primary sector towards the services sector which will make the country more competitive.
7
Q
Effects of increasing population size in a bad way (4)
A
-
Balance of payment pressures More dependants in the population may result in a rise in
imports and some products may need to be diverted from the export to the home market. - Overcrowding. Increases in population may put pressure on housing and social capital and cause traff ic congestion..
- Puts more pressure on already scarce resources, especially land.
- Concerns about famine. More capital goods will have to be produced to sustain and satisfy the needs and wants of the enlarged population. thus increasing pollution.
8
Q
Age distribution
The structure of a population can be analyzed using:
A
- the number of people in each age-group.
- Falling birth and death rates mean that the average age in developed countries are rising
- developing and less-developed economies, high death and birth rates result in low average ages.
9
Q
Consequences of an ageing population
older people - ageing
A
- The workforce will decline and there will be much dependence on the tax-paying population to fund the welfare of old people.
- a rise in the dependency ratio
- The government will have to spend more on housing, old age welfare schemes etc.
- Old people are less mobile and so the economy will be slow to adapt to new technologies.
10
Q
Gender distribution
The structure of a population can be analyzed using:
A
- indicates the no. of males ans females.
-
Gender imbalance is an excess of males or females and is caused by
1. Wars killing many young males
1. Violence towards females (honour killings, rapes)
1. Sex-specific immigration – more males immigrate to a country looking for work
11
Q
Consequences of changes in the gender distribution:
A
- having more females will encourage birth rates to rise and increase population growth
- more females in employment will increase productivity
- more females in education will increase living standards
- a more** balanced gender distribution** can aid better social equality as social attitudes towards women in education and employment become progressive
12
Q
Population pyramids
The structure of a population can be analyzed using:
A
display the age and gender distribution of an economy. The vertical axes show the age groups and the horizontal axes show the gender groups- males on the left and females on the right.
13
Q
Geographic distribution
The structure of a population can be analyzed using:
A
- where people live.
- In developing countries population puts a lot of pressure on scarce resources in these countries.
- In urban areas, population helped increase production and living standards but resulted in rapid consumption of natural resources and high levels of pollution.
14
Q
Occupational distribution
The structure of a population can be analyzed using:
A
- what jobs people work in.
- In developed economies, more people work in the service sector and there is a huge migration of workers from primary production to manufacturing and service sectors.
- Female employment and self-employment are also rising, which will add to production and higher living standards.
- In less-developed economies, most people work in agriculture.
