Popes

Question 1

Urban VI

Answer 1

• the pope forcefully elected by Roman nobles after the papacy returned to Rome
• one of the two popes (“Clement VII” was the other) during the Great Schism

Question 2

Martin V

Answer 2

• the pope elected after the Great Schism
• although elected in 1417, he couldn’t return to Rome until 1420 because it was too unsafe
• he laid the foundation of the Renaissance papacy

Question 3

Alexander VI

Answer 3

• Rodrigo Borgia
• had some positive contributions: he rebuilt the city to a degree, balanced the papal budget, and subdued the violent noble families, imposing order
• he exploited the church and sold everything it had to offer
• his son, Cesare, was notorious for his ruthless attempt to carve out a Borgia kingdom in central Italy

Question 4

Julius II

Answer 4

• the warrior pope, “Papa Terrible”
• like Alexander VI, he sold church offices at great profit
• built the League of Cambrai to destroy Venice
• joined sides with Venice after realizing Italy was vulnerable to northern invaders, creating the “Italian Holy League”
• one of the most lavish and daring patrons of the arts (Raphael, Michelangelo)
• two goals: 1. to expel foreign armies from Italy, 2. further rebuilding and beautification of the Vatican and the city of Rome

Question 5

Leo X

Answer 5

• one of the two Medici popes
• son of the famous Lorenzo de’Medici
• centred his court on luxury, learning, music, and art
• was pope during Martin Luther’s theses posting
• recreated University of Rome

Question 6

Innocent III

Answer 6

• r. 1198-1216
• notable for his uses of interdict to keep princes in line
• leader of the Fourth Lateran Council
• increased punishment of convicted heretics at Fourth Lateran Council

Question 7

Leo IX

Answer 7

• the longest running pope appointed by Henry III
• sought to make the papacy the moral leader of Christendom
• travelled to France and Germany to lead reforming councils

Question 8

Nicholas II

Answer 8

• decreed in 1059 that new popes would be elected by the cardinal-bishops

Question 9

Paul III

Answer 9

• patron of Michelangelo and others
• launched the Counter-Reformation
• called the Council of Trent

Question 10

Nicholas V

Answer 10

• saw the fall of Constantinople to the Turks and the end of the Hundred Years War
• sought to make Rome the home of literature and art
• strengthened fortifications, restored aqueducts, and rebuilt many churches