Misc.

Question 1

Cathars and Waldensians

Answer 1

• two great heresies that flourished in the late 12th and first half of the 13th century (souther France, especially Languedoc, northern Italy, parts of Germany)
• Waldensians wished to renounce worldly possessions, demanded for lay people to be able to preach, didn’t break irrevocably from the church
• Cathars rejected the Old Testament and the Trinity in favour of dualism

Question 2

Truce of God

Answer 2

• 1027

- attempted to limit the days of the week and times of the year that nobility engaged in violence

Question 3

St. Anselm

Answer 3

• 1023-1109
• used plain concepts and ordinary language to explain the central beliefs of Christianity
• ATONEMENT

Question 4

Peter Lombard

Answer 4

• c. 1096-1164
• student of Peter Abelard
  SEVEN SACREMENTS:
• baptism
• confirmation
• communion
• confession
• marriage
• New Orders
• Extreme Unction

Question 5

Peace of God

Answer 5

• 989
• sought to protect ecclesiastical property, agricultural resources, and unarmed clerics
• excommunication was the threat

Question 6

The Albigensian Crusade

Answer 6

• 1209-1229
• one of Pope Innocent III’s representatives was murdered by a Cathar
• Innocent III called on Philip Augustus to crush the local nobles who were harbouring heretics
• Philip didn’t attack directly but allowed his vassals in the north to invade the south
• after 20 years of brutal war, the crusade reduced the area to French control

Question 7

Order of Friars Minor

Answer 7

• started by Francis Bernardone (St. Francis)

- approved by Innocent III in 1210

Question 8

The Dominican Friars

Answer 8

• founded by Saint Dominic
• originally planned to be a missionary for the Baltic pagans but when passing through the Cathar region of southern France, he chose to found an organization of “learned and righteous men” who competed with the heretics
• in 1215, Innocent III allowed him to establish a new Order of Preachers

Question 9

The Energizing Myth

Answer 9

• what the art historian Erwin Panovsky and intellectual historian Federico Chabod saw as the critical element in defining the Renaissance: the Italian’s belief that they were different and separated from the values and styles of the Middle Ages

Question 10

Revolt of the Medievalists

Answer 10

• medieval historians rejected the sharply-divided periods of the Middle Ages and Renaissance, and the “barbarianism” of the centuries just prior to the 14th century
• Haskins Thorndike Sarton

Question 11

The Babylonian Captivity

Answer 11

• the papacy was moved to Avignon between 1309 and 1377 by the will and manipulation of Philip the Fair, king of France

Question 12

The Reform Papacy

Answer 12

• since approx. 750, the popes had been left as feudal rulers of central Italy. As a result, local noble families vied for control of the papacy by appointing their own, often unworthy relatives, as pope
• by 1044, these factions caused a great scandal with the appointment of two rival popes
• in 1046, Emperor Henry III intervened to end the scandal and brought the northern reform movement to Rome
• Henry summoned a council of bishops which deposed and exiled both popes
• Henry III appointed the next succession of four popes, all reforming church men from north of the Alps

Question 13

Clash of Gregory VII and Henry IV

Answer 13

• in 1074, the emperor and pope clashed over the appointment of the next archbishop of the troubled city of Milan
• in 1075, Gregory VII issued a decree against lay investiture, which denied even kings and emperors their traditional right to invest bishops and abbots
• Henry IV threatened to depose and replace the pope
• Gregory VII threatened to depose the emperor
• in 1076, Gregory VII excommunicated Henry IV
• Henry IV’s subjects and vassals were freed from their oaths of loyalty to him
• the pope again excommunicated Henry IV in 1080
• Henry IV marched on Rome, forcing Gregory VII to retreat to Salerno where he died

Question 14

Averroës

Answer 14

• a Spanish Muslim who took a strongly Aristotelian stance and accepted the Greek’s teaching about an eternal universe and the mortality of the soul, arguing that Islam’s holy book, the Qur’an, had been written for common people and only approximated the truths that Aristotle’s rational system explained more accurately
• later same-line thinkers are referred to Averroists

Question 15

Scholastic strategies for assimilating Aristotle

Answer 15

LATIN AVERROISTS
- philosophy professor Siger of Brabant argued for two paths to the same truth
AUGUSTINIANISM
- these theologians clung to Augustine’s Christian Neoplatonism, which emphasized faith over reason
- St. Bonaventure: Franciscan scholar
- he did not reject all of Aristotle’s teachings
- emphasized the importance of intuitive knowledge and the need for goodwill in order to gain truth
- greatly influenced Franciscan spirituality
MODERATE RATIONALISTS
- chose a middle position on the questions on how to assimilate Aristotle
- confident that faith and reason must lead to the same conclusions because truth is one
- leading proponent was the Dominican scholar, Thomas Aquinas

Question 16

Thomas Aquinas

Answer 16

• Dominican scholar who distinguished between religious truths that were discovered by natural reason, and truths which could only be known if revealed by divine grace
• used Aristotelian knowledge and methodology to correct Aristotle’s conclusions that contradicted Christian revelation
• produced two large “summaries” or summae (a summa was a systematic discussion of a topic that arranged, explained, and harmonized authoritative statements in logical order

Question 17

Robert Grosseteste (d. 1253) and Friar Roger Bacon (d. 1294)

Answer 17

• realized the problem that:
  Scholasticism focused on the study, interpretation, and harmonization of the ancient (and Arabic) writings that provided the “data” for scholarly speculation and discussion, even when such observations were flawed or contradicted what medieval people had observed
• forward looking to development of scientific method but held back

Question 18

13th-century onward medieval misogyny

Answer 18

• Greek learning and scholastic culture exacerbated rather than enlightened medieval misogyny
• women in ancient Athens had been barred from public and intellectual life

Question 19

Thomism

Answer 19

• the ultimate scholastic synthesis of faith and reason, and Aristotelianism with the Augustinian tradition of Catholicism
• became the official teaching of the Dominican Friars
• revived in 1879 and became the official philosophy of the Roman Catholic Church

Question 20

Averroism

Answer 20

• accepting two paths to the same truth

Question 21

The Capetian Dynasty

Answer 21

• gradually grew in strength by adding wealthy territories to the royal domain through marriage and conquest, and by ensuring that the king donated the feudal nobles and aristocrats within his domain
• enjoyed steady growth because of luck: fathers passed down titles and land to sons without interruption of civil war
• Philip Augustus annexed most of the Angevin Empire, Louis VIII intervened in the protracted Albigensian Crusade and thereby extended his rule over much of southern France
• Louis IX, with the help of his great mother, established his reputation as the model for Christian kingship

Question 22

Frederick II

Answer 22

• grandson of Frederick I Barbarossa
• his father, Henry VI, only ruled for a few years before he died in 1197
• was set to inherit the Kingdom of Sicily, the Kingdom of Germany, and to claim the title of Emperor
• though savvy and quirky, the papacy’s maneuvers (deposing, excommunicating, threatening a crusade) destabilized the empire and thwarted Hohenstaufen hopes of establishing a centralized monarchy

Question 23

Louis IX

Answer 23

• respected as the perfect Christian king, despite two failed crusades
• had opposition at the beginning of his inheritance, as his mother was foreign (Spanish) and he was but a child
• him and his mother were nearly crushed by Count Peter of Brittany, but Count Tibald of Champagne showed up with 300 knights

Question 24

apse

Answer 24

• the rounded front of a basilica which was the focus of worship around the altar under which a saint might be buried, and around which clergy worshipped and performed rituals

Question 25

transept

Answer 25

• the sideways section added to the original Roman Basilica to accommodate a larger congregation in the Romanesque Basilicas
• changed the original floor plan to the shape of a cross

Question 26

Gothic style

Answer 26

• pointed arch
• groin vaulting (later ribbed arches) to support ceilings
• flying buttresses
• large, stained glass windows
• very tall ceilings

Question 27

Gothic cathedrals

Answer 27

• pride of the communities
• often took generations to complete
• royal and noble patrons would often donate money for the most important windows
• often the guilds would include a window depicting their trade
• burghers as well as nobles paid for the building and decorating of the church
• pilgrims would also contribute to cathedral construction, esp. if there were relics with a reputation for working cures and miracles

Question 28

rose window

Answer 28

• large stained glass window in the shape of a rose with saints, angels, and other figures depicted in the petals

Question 29

The four senses when “reading” the meaning of liturgy, church buildings, an its art

Answer 29

1. Historical or literal sense:
   - when the words describe an actual event
2. Allegorical sense:
   - when what is said literally has another meaning spiritually
3. Tropological sense:
   - correction of manners or moral speech
4. Anagogical sense:
   - speech that leads to higher things or things above the heavens

Question 30

Crises of the first half of the fourteenth century

Answer 30

FAMINE
- by the end of the 13th century, the population had reached the limit of what medieval agricultural technology could support, and land was short in supply
DISEASE
- outbreaks of disease among livestock
- the Black Death
WAR
- see the "Hundred Years War"
WEAKING OF THE PAPACY
- see the "renewal of the Investiture Controversy"

Question 31

The Hundred Years War

Answer 31

• for 300 years the Capetian dynasty had slowly extended its sway over France, but after the death of the great Philip IV The Fair in 1314, the dynasty’s luck ran out. One after another, his 3 sons and grandson died
• Philip’s nephew, Philip of Valois (Philip VI), inherited the crown, initiating the troubled Valois dynasty
• Philip the Fair also had a daughter, Isabel, who, after marrying King Edward II, bore Edward III
• when Edward III came of age, he claimed to be the rightful heir of the French crown
• this was likely a bid to force the Valois king to make concessions over Edward’s territories in France, but his successors continued to use the claim as a justification for war

Question 32

the Jacquerie

Answer 32

• English armies during the 1337-60 section of the Hundred Years War ravaged the French countryside, emptying the merger stores of peasants and menacing their wives and daughters
• French peasants had to pay to support their inept lords to ransom those who were captured, and to rebuild the towns after the English had passed
• rebellion started in 1357, where peasants attacked manors and viciously killed their lords, but there was too little coordination and the rebellion was brutally suppressed

Question 33

renewal of the Investiture Controversy

Answer 33

• turn of the 14th century
• to pay for the costs of larger government and esp. for their wars in the 1290s, the kingdoms of England and France attempted to tax the clergy
• pope Boniface VIII intervened in 1296 not only to protect clergy from royal taxation, but also to strengthen his authority over kings and because he needed to tax the clergy himself to pay for his growing government and projects
• Philip IV was counselled by advisors well-versed in Roman law–law that considered the ruler to be the absolute sovereign
• Philip IV pressed his claims by arresting a French bishop, provoking Boniface to assert the supremacy of popes over secular rulers in 1302
• in 1303, royal agents, allied with the pope’s Italian enemies, arrested Boniface and roughed him up