Pop Quiz 2

Question 1

Factor I

Answer 1

(Fibrinogen) Plasma protein synthesized in the liver; converted to fibrin in the common pathway

Question 2

Factor II

Answer 2

(Prothrombin) Plasma protein synthesized in the liver (requires vitamin K); converted to thrombin in the common pathway

Question 3

Factor III

Answer 3

Thromboplastin (tissue factor) - Mixture of lipoproteins released from damaged tissue; required in the extrinsic pathway

Question 4

Malaria

Answer 4

Caused by a protozoan introduced into blood by Anopheles mosquito; symptoms include chills and fever produced by toxins released when the protozoan causes red blood cells to rupture

Question 5

Hemophilia

Answer 5

Genetic disorder in which clotting is abnormal or absent.

(each of the several types results from deficiency or dysfunction of a clotting factor; most often a sex-linked trait that occurs almost exclusively in males)

Question 6

Von Williebrand Disease

Answer 6

Platelet plug formation and blood clotting are impaired due to low or dysfunctional von Willebrand factor.

(Treatment involves injections of von Willebrand factor or drugs that boost its levels, helping platelets stick to collagen and activate properly.)

Question 7

Thrombocytopenia

Answer 7

Reduction in the number of platelets that leads to chronic bleeding through small vessels and capillaries;

(causes include genetics, autoimmune disease, infections, and decreased platelet production resulting from pernicious anemia, drug therapy, radiation therapy, or leukemias)

Question 8

Anemia

Answer 8

deficiency of hemoglobin in the blood

Question 9

Iron-deficiency anemia

Answer 9

Low iron leads to reduced hemoglobin production

Question 10

Folate-deficiency anemia

Answer 10

Inadequate folate in the diet results in a reduction in cell division and therefore a reduced number of red blood cells

Question 11

Pernicious anemia

Answer 11

Secondary folate-deficiency anemia caused by inadequate amounts of vitamin B12, which is important for folate synthesis

Question 12

Hemorrhagic anemia

Answer 12

Results from blood loss due to trauma, ulcers, or excessive menstrual bleeding

Question 13

Hemolytic Anemia

Answer 13

Occurs when red blood cells rupture or are destroyed at an excessive rate;

(causes include inherited defects, exposure to certain drugs or snake venom, response to artificial heart valves, autoimmune disease, and hemolytic disease of the newborn)

Question 14

Aplastic Anemia

Answer 14

Caused by an inability of the red bone marrow to produce red blood cells,

(usually as a result of damage to stem cells after exposure to certain drugs, chemicals, or radiation)

Question 15

Thalassemia

Answer 15

Autosomal recessive disease that results in insufficient production of globin part of hemoglobin

Question 16

Steps for platelet Plug

Answer 16

1. Platelet Adhesion: Platelets bind to exposed collagen at a damaged vessel, primarily through von Willebrand factor (vWF), which bridges collagen and platelets.
2. Platelet Release Reaction: Activated platelets release ADP and thromboxanes, triggering a positive feedback loop that activates more platelets.
3. Platelet Aggregation: Activated platelets express fibrinogen receptors, and fibrinogen bridges these receptors between platelets, forming a platelet plug.

Question 17

Extrinsic Pathway

Answer 17

Starts outside the blood: Triggered by damage to tissues.

Factor III (thromboplastin) Released: Damaged tissues release a protein called tissue factor (also known as factor III/Thromboplastin).

Activation of Factor X: With the help of calcium (Ca²⁺), tissue factor combines with factor VII to activate factor X.

Question 18

Intrinsic Pathway

Answer 18

Starts inside the blood: Triggered by damage to blood vessels.

Factor XII Activated: When blood vessel damage exposes collagen, factor XII is activated.

Chain Reaction: Factor XII activates factor XI, which then activates factor IX.

Activation of Factor X: Factor IX teams up with factor VIII, platelet phospholipids, and calcium (Ca²⁺) to activate factor X.

Question 19

Antithrombin

Answer 19

Produced by liver, slowly inactivates thrombin

Question 20

Prostacylin

Answer 20

Causes vasodilation and inhibits release of coagulating factors from platelets.

Question 21

Hemolytic Disease of the newborn

Answer 21

1. (Rh- negative woman) In the first pregnancy with an Rh-positive fetus, there’s usually no problem as there’s not enough time for the mother to make anti-Rh antibodies.

2. After exposure, the mother becomes sensitized and produces anti-Rh antibodies for future pregnancies.

3. In later pregnancies, these antibodies can harm an Rh-positive fetus if fetal blood mixes with the mother’s blood.

4. Anti-Rh antibodies can cross the placenta and destroy fetal red blood cells, causing hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN).

Question 22

Common Pathway

Answer 22

• Prothrombinase is formed from the intrinsic and/or extrinsic pathways, combining factor X, factor V, platelet phospholipids, and calcium (Ca²⁺).
• Prothrombinase converts prothrombin into thrombin.
• Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin and activates factor XIII to stabilize the clot.

Question 23

Anticoagulants

Answer 23

prevent coagulation factors from initiating clot formation.