poo Flashcards
Cognitive psychology
branch of psych, explores mental process/perception/thinking/language by observing behavior
Metacognition
thinking about thinking
schema
expectations, able to identify parts that tells you what you are looking at/mental organization
Stimulus
anything that can cause a reaction
Response = reaction, result of interaction with stimulus (EX.response time, accuracy)
Ecological validity
measure of how test performance can predict real behaviors in the real world
Ecological approach
psychological inquiry, reflects/uses conditions in real world
Bottom up processing
first time interacting/looking at “WHAT AM I SEEING” (NEW)
Top down processing
use ideas/models/expectations to interpret sensory info.“IS THIS SOMETHING IVE SEEN BEFORE” USE PRIOR KNOWLEDGE
Ventral pathway
WHAT, stream of visual processing when you are trying determines an objects size/color/meaning
Dorsal pathway
WHERE, stream of visual processing that determines object location/motion, often guides action
EX.)when you see a book, and pick it up
The ventral pathway deals with :
color, texture, pictorial detail, shape and size
the dorsal pathway deals with :
location, movement, spatial transformation, spatial relations
selective attention
pay attention to important info + ignore everything else
attentional capture
anything that draws your attention
Inattentional blindness
failure to attend to events that we
might be expected to notice
● Change blindness:
failure to notice a change in a visual stimulus
Task switching:
switch from task to task (voluntary)
mind wandering
shift to thoughts instead of task/important things at hand (involuntary)
exogenous shift
unconscious movements of attention, caused by external stimuli
endogenous shifts
voluntary movements of attention
covert attention
shift in attention, with no eye movement
overt attention
shift in attention, with eye movement
information theory
feature detection theory
perception of objects is based on
recognizing individual features (see tail and cut lil ears = rat)
Recognition by
components theory
recognize objects
by breaking them down
into simpler shapes
geons
set of 36 basic
three dimensional shapes
from which all real-world
objects can be constructed
context effects
change in perception of a visual component of a
scene based on the surrounding info in the scene +
observer’s prior knowledge (ex. if someone says coffe is bitter you will think its bitter)
context effects (3 examples)
1.jumbled word effect. 2. empirical theory of color vision. 3. food preference
early selection theory
(hypothesis) attention prevents early perceptual
processing of distractors
what happened in the dichotic listening task?
a subject would be given a message, and would have to listen to 2 streams of voices playing at the same time, and they would have to pick which stream said the needed phrase
dichotic listening task end result
can only process/pay attention to one stream of information at a time (not 2)
late selection theory (hypothesis)
hypothesis, perceive relevant/ irrelevant stimuli at the same time, must ignore irrelevant stimuli to focus on relevant ones
Prosopagnosia
unable to recognize faces (due to damage in FFA)
split brain
subject lives like they have 2 different brains (caused by the corpus callosum severing)
wenickes aphasia
inability to understand speech (due to damage on wernickes area)
brocas aphasia
inability to produce speech (due to damage to brocas area)
brocas area
in charge of language production
limits of neuroscience (2)
Neuroscience techniques are not independent and can (and should) be combined in order to learn even more about the brain
• Combining techniques can be beneficial and offer more information than employing only one technique
interactionism
belief that the mind and brain are SEPARATE, but impact and influence eachother
Epiphenomenalism:
mental states or events are caused by physical states or events in the brain but do not themselves cause anything.
stroop task
(late selection hypothesis) say color of word not the word written
the stroop task proves that
humans have difficulty paying attention to two things at once
flicker paradigm
subject is exposed to two slighty different images between fast flickers (will they notice the difference?
the flicker paradigm was used to investigate
change blindness
change blindness
when there is a subtle change that occurs and the subject fails to notice that
parallelism
mind + brain = 2 aspects of reality, operate in parallel
isomorphism
view that mental events +neural events share the same structure
animal studies
MRI
magnetic resonance image (produces images of brain, shows brain activity)
ERP
Event related potentials (electrical signal emitted from the brain after the onset of a stimulus)
PET
Positron emission tomography (brain imaging technique, subject is injected with a radioactive substance, circulates to brain and mixes with blood
fMRI
Functional magnetic resonance imaging( non-radioactive magnetic procedure, detects flow of oxygenated blood to parts of brain
MEG
Magnetoencephalography (noninvasive brain imaging technique, directly measures neural activity
DTI
Diffusion tensor imaging (MRI-based neuroimaging technique, helps visualize the white-matter tracts in brain
sustained attention to response task
SART (continuous response task in which digits (O to 9) are sequentially presented on a computer screen and participants are asked to press a button in response to all but one of them (e.g., just the number
3)
comission errors
failure to withhold a response)
attentional blink
fail to notice the second of two stimuli presented within 550 milliseconds of each other
commission error in sustained attention to response task
used as a measure of attentional lapses in this task
jumbled word effect
can still read sentences even if letters are mixed up
empirical theory of color vision
theory, color perception is impacted by one’s experiences
