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HSC Chemistry > POM 9.2.4 and 5 > Flashcards

POM 9.2.4 and 5 Flashcards

0
Q

What are net ionic equations?

A

Ionic equations where the spectator ions are removed (ions that remain unchanged - same on both sides of the equation)

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1
Q

What are ionic equations?

A

Chemical equations where the ionic compounds are split into their ions, displaying their charges

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2
Q

What are displacement reactions?

A

A reaction in which a more reactive metal changes a less reactive metal’s IONS into solid ATOMS

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3
Q

Why are displacement reactions actually electron transfer reactions?

A

Cause one substance donates electrons to another

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4
Q

What is oxidation?

A

Loss of electrons

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5
Q

What is reduction?

A

Gain of electrons

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6
Q

Which of the species is the reductant?

A

The one that’s oxidised

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7
Q

Which of the species is the oxidant?

A

The one that is reduced

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8
Q

What does the Metal Activity Series conclude?

A
  • Metals on the top are REACTIVE and hence LOSE electrons easily. Therefore they’re likely to be OXIDISED therefore they are REACTANTS
  • Metals on the bottom are UNREACTIVE but when IONS, they GAIN electrons easily. Therefore they’re easily REDUCED therefore OXIDANTS
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9
Q

What is an Oxidation State?

A

The valency of an element

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10
Q

What is the oxidation number of atoms in their elemental form (e.g. Zn, H2, P2, S8)

A

0

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11
Q

What is the Oxidation Number of Neutral molecules (e.g. H20, NaCl)

A

0

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12
Q

What is the Oxidation Number of Monatomic ions? (e.g. Cu+, S 2-)

A

Equal to their charge

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13
Q

What is the oxidation number of Oxygen and Hydrogen?

A

-2 and -1

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14
Q

Is OXIDATION increase/decrease in oxidation number?

A

Increase

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15
Q

Is REDUCTION increase/decrease in oxidation number?

A

Decrease

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16
Q

What is a Galvanic cell?

A

A device that allows electricity to be produced from redox reactions

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17
Q

Describe the set-up of a Galvanic cell

A
  • Two half-cells: oxidation at one and reduction in the other
  • A conducting wire and salt bridge connects the two
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18
Q

Describe the electron flow in a Galvanic cell

A

Electrons flow from the OXIDATION cell to the REDUCTION cell

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19
Q

What is the salt bridge soaked in?

A

Potassium nitrate (KNO3)

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20
Q

What solution is present in the half-cells?

A

A metal-sulfate (Something SO4 2-)

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21
Q

What is the purpose of the salt bridge?

A
  • Maintains electrical neutrality
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22
Q

What is an ELECTRODE?

A
  • Anything through which an electrical current passes

- The metal conductors placed in the electrolytes

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23
Q

What is an ELECTROLYTE?

A

Any solution that can conduct electricity (all salt solutions)

24
Identify which is the ANODE
AN OX - Anode is OXIDISED (negative side)
25
Identify which is the CATHODE
RED CAT - Cathode is REDUCEd (positive side)
26
Structure of a DRY CELL
- CATHOD: Carbon rod surrounded by Manganese (IV) oxide and carbon graphite - ELECTROLYTE: Cathode surrounded by a paste of Ammonium chloride - ANODE: All of this is contained within a Zinc cell
27
Chemistry of the DRY CELL
Redox half-equations: - OX: Zn ----> Zn 2+ + 2e- - RED: 2Mn 4+ + 2O 2- + 2H+ +2e- ----> 2Mn3+ + 3O 2- + H2o
28
Cost and Practicality of the DRY CELL
- Relatively cheap - Little wastage of materials as they are all used in the reaction - Light and portable - Short half-life
29
Impact on society of the DRY CELL
- Portable devices (torches, radios) | - Widely used as a cheap source of steady electricity
30
Environmental impact of the DRY CELL
- Very minimal impact | - Manganese (III) is readily oxidised back into Manganese (IV) which is stable
31
Structure of the BUTTON CELL
- Made up of layers of chemicals within a steel case - CATHODE: Powered silver (I) oxide on the bottom - ANODE: Powered zinc at the top - ELECTROLYTE and CATALYST: Potassium hydroxide paste in the middle
32
Simplified galvanic cell of the BUTTON CELL
[ Zn | Zn2+ || Ag+ | Ag ]
33
Cost and Practicality of the BUTTON CELL
- Expensive (cs of silver) - Non-rechargeable - Little chance of leakage
34
Impact on society of the BUTTON CELL
Small size and constant voltage allows many applications (watches, calculators)
35
Environmental impact of the BUTTON CELL
- Minimal | - Anode and cathode are stable, non-toxic and insoluble
36
C&P: Dry cell VS Button cell
- Dry cell more practical cause it's cheaper | - Button cell more practical cause longer half-life and less likely to leak
37
Impact on Society: Dry cell VS Button cell
- Dry cell has greater impact than button cell | - Cause it made portable electrical devises possible
38
What are ISOTOPES?
Atoms of the same element with the same number of PROTONS but different numbers of NEUTRONS
39
Alpha decay?
4 | 2 He
40
Beta Decay?
0 | -1 e
41
What is radioactivity?
The spontaneous emission of RADIATION from certain atoms
42
How do you know if an element is radioactive?
Through it's atomic number: Z > 83 are radioactive
43
What are transuranic elements?
Elements with atomic numbers greater than uranium (Z > 92)
44
How are transuranic elements produced?
- Neutron bombardment - In nuclear reactions, the fission chain-reaction produces large amounts of neutrons - Atoms placed inside the reactor are bombarded by these neutrons - Occasionally, the atom absorbs a neutron and undergos beta decay - Hence, proton number increases and a transuranic element can be created
45
Outline the processes involved with a Geiger-Muller Counter
- Detects radiation - A metal tube filled with argon gas connected to a power supply - Radiation enters and ionises the gas - splits the atoms into electrons and positive nuclei that complete the circuit - The amplifier displays an electronic reading in terms of intensity of radiation
46
Name an INDUSTRIAL isotope
Cobalt-60
47
Use of cobalt-60?
Used to irradiate food to prolong its shelf-life
48
Chemical properties of Cobalt-60
- Chemically inert - Can be safely housed within machinery - Strong gamma emitter
49
Advantages of Cobalt-60
- Gamma rays have sufficient energy to destroy bacteria but not enough to make food radioactive - Long half-life
50
Disadvantages of Cobalt-60
- Gamma radiation can destroy useful nutrients in food | - Workers must be protected from irradiation
51
Example of medicinal radioisotope
Tehnetium-99m
52
Use of T-99
A cancer diagnostic tool (identifies tumour locations)
53
Chemical properties of T-99
- Can be changed to a number of different oxidation states | - Emits low energy gamma rays
54
Advantages of T-99
- Short half-life (6 hrs) - minimal damage to patient's tissue - Emits low energy gamma radiation - Can be quickly eliminated by the body
55
Disadvantages of T-99
- Healthy cells may be killed | - Short half-life = has to continuously be made
56
Benefits of industrial radioisotopes
- Able to monitor equipment that is more sensitive | - Allows efficient processes (sterilisation)
57
Benefits of medicinal radioisotopes
- A new range of non-invasive techniques
58
Problems with radioisotopes
- Nuclear reactors (source of neutrons) produce nuclear waste - Difficult storage of radioactive material (leakage???)

HSC Chemistry (5 decks)

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