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HSC Chemistry > POM 9.2.4 and 5 > Flashcards

POM 9.2.4 and 5 Flashcards

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0
Q

What are net ionic equations?

A

Ionic equations where the spectator ions are removed (ions that remain unchanged - same on both sides of the equation)

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1
Q

What are ionic equations?

A

Chemical equations where the ionic compounds are split into their ions, displaying their charges

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2
Q

What are displacement reactions?

A

A reaction in which a more reactive metal changes a less reactive metal’s IONS into solid ATOMS

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3
Q

Why are displacement reactions actually electron transfer reactions?

A

Cause one substance donates electrons to another

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4
Q

What is oxidation?

A

Loss of electrons

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5
Q

What is reduction?

A

Gain of electrons

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6
Q

Which of the species is the reductant?

A

The one that’s oxidised

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7
Q

Which of the species is the oxidant?

A

The one that is reduced

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8
Q

What does the Metal Activity Series conclude?

A
  • Metals on the top are REACTIVE and hence LOSE electrons easily. Therefore they’re likely to be OXIDISED therefore they are REACTANTS
  • Metals on the bottom are UNREACTIVE but when IONS, they GAIN electrons easily. Therefore they’re easily REDUCED therefore OXIDANTS
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9
Q

What is an Oxidation State?

A

The valency of an element

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10
Q

What is the oxidation number of atoms in their elemental form (e.g. Zn, H2, P2, S8)

A

0

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11
Q

What is the Oxidation Number of Neutral molecules (e.g. H20, NaCl)

A

0

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12
Q

What is the Oxidation Number of Monatomic ions? (e.g. Cu+, S 2-)

A

Equal to their charge

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13
Q

What is the oxidation number of Oxygen and Hydrogen?

A

-2 and -1

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14
Q

Is OXIDATION increase/decrease in oxidation number?

A

Increase

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15
Q

Is REDUCTION increase/decrease in oxidation number?

A

Decrease

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16
Q

What is a Galvanic cell?

A

A device that allows electricity to be produced from redox reactions

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17
Q

Describe the set-up of a Galvanic cell

A
  • Two half-cells: oxidation at one and reduction in the other
  • A conducting wire and salt bridge connects the two
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18
Q

Describe the electron flow in a Galvanic cell

A

Electrons flow from the OXIDATION cell to the REDUCTION cell

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19
Q

What is the salt bridge soaked in?

A

Potassium nitrate (KNO3)

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20
Q

What solution is present in the half-cells?

A

A metal-sulfate (Something SO4 2-)

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21
Q

What is the purpose of the salt bridge?

A
  • Maintains electrical neutrality
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22
Q

What is an ELECTRODE?

A
  • Anything through which an electrical current passes

- The metal conductors placed in the electrolytes

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23
Q

What is an ELECTROLYTE?

A

Any solution that can conduct electricity (all salt solutions)

24
Q

Identify which is the ANODE

A

AN OX - Anode is OXIDISED (negative side)

25
Q

Identify which is the CATHODE

A

RED CAT - Cathode is REDUCEd (positive side)

26
Q

Structure of a DRY CELL

A
  • CATHOD: Carbon rod surrounded by Manganese (IV) oxide and carbon graphite
  • ELECTROLYTE: Cathode surrounded by a paste of Ammonium chloride
  • ANODE: All of this is contained within a Zinc cell
27
Q

Chemistry of the DRY CELL

A

Redox half-equations:

  • OX: Zn —-> Zn 2+ + 2e-
  • RED: 2Mn 4+ + 2O 2- + 2H+ +2e- —-> 2Mn3+ + 3O 2- + H2o
28
Q

Cost and Practicality of the DRY CELL

A
  • Relatively cheap
  • Little wastage of materials as they are all used in the reaction
  • Light and portable
  • Short half-life
29
Q

Impact on society of the DRY CELL

A
  • Portable devices (torches, radios)

- Widely used as a cheap source of steady electricity

30
Q

Environmental impact of the DRY CELL

A
  • Very minimal impact

- Manganese (III) is readily oxidised back into Manganese (IV) which is stable

31
Q

Structure of the BUTTON CELL

A
  • Made up of layers of chemicals within a steel case
  • CATHODE: Powered silver (I) oxide on the bottom
  • ANODE: Powered zinc at the top
  • ELECTROLYTE and CATALYST: Potassium hydroxide paste in the middle
32
Q

Simplified galvanic cell of the BUTTON CELL

A

[ Zn | Zn2+ || Ag+ | Ag ]

33
Q

Cost and Practicality of the BUTTON CELL

A
  • Expensive (cs of silver)
  • Non-rechargeable
  • Little chance of leakage
34
Q

Impact on society of the BUTTON CELL

A

Small size and constant voltage allows many applications (watches, calculators)

35
Q

Environmental impact of the BUTTON CELL

A
  • Minimal

- Anode and cathode are stable, non-toxic and insoluble

36
Q

C&P: Dry cell VS Button cell

A
  • Dry cell more practical cause it’s cheaper

- Button cell more practical cause longer half-life and less likely to leak

37
Q

Impact on Society: Dry cell VS Button cell

A
  • Dry cell has greater impact than button cell

- Cause it made portable electrical devises possible

38
Q

What are ISOTOPES?

A

Atoms of the same element with the same number of PROTONS but different numbers of NEUTRONS

39
Q

Alpha decay?

A

4

2 He

40
Q

Beta Decay?

A

0

-1 e

41
Q

What is radioactivity?

A

The spontaneous emission of RADIATION from certain atoms

42
Q

How do you know if an element is radioactive?

A

Through it’s atomic number: Z > 83 are radioactive

43
Q

What are transuranic elements?

A

Elements with atomic numbers greater than uranium (Z > 92)

44
Q

How are transuranic elements produced?

A
  • Neutron bombardment
  • In nuclear reactions, the fission chain-reaction produces large amounts of neutrons
  • Atoms placed inside the reactor are bombarded by these neutrons
  • Occasionally, the atom absorbs a neutron and undergos beta decay
  • Hence, proton number increases and a transuranic element can be created
45
Q

Outline the processes involved with a Geiger-Muller Counter

A
  • Detects radiation
  • A metal tube filled with argon gas connected to a power supply
  • Radiation enters and ionises the gas - splits the atoms into electrons and positive nuclei that complete the circuit
  • The amplifier displays an electronic reading in terms of intensity of radiation
46
Q

Name an INDUSTRIAL isotope

A

Cobalt-60

47
Q

Use of cobalt-60?

A

Used to irradiate food to prolong its shelf-life

48
Q

Chemical properties of Cobalt-60

A
  • Chemically inert
  • Can be safely housed within machinery
  • Strong gamma emitter
49
Q

Advantages of Cobalt-60

A
  • Gamma rays have sufficient energy to destroy bacteria but not enough to make food radioactive
  • Long half-life
50
Q

Disadvantages of Cobalt-60

A
  • Gamma radiation can destroy useful nutrients in food

- Workers must be protected from irradiation

51
Q

Example of medicinal radioisotope

A

Tehnetium-99m

52
Q

Use of T-99

A

A cancer diagnostic tool (identifies tumour locations)

53
Q

Chemical properties of T-99

A
  • Can be changed to a number of different oxidation states

- Emits low energy gamma rays

54
Q

Advantages of T-99

A
  • Short half-life (6 hrs) - minimal damage to patient’s tissue
  • Emits low energy gamma radiation
  • Can be quickly eliminated by the body
55
Q

Disadvantages of T-99

A
  • Healthy cells may be killed

- Short half-life = has to continuously be made

56
Q

Benefits of industrial radioisotopes

A
  • Able to monitor equipment that is more sensitive

- Allows efficient processes (sterilisation)

57
Q

Benefits of medicinal radioisotopes

A
  • A new range of non-invasive techniques
58
Q

Problems with radioisotopes

A
  • Nuclear reactors (source of neutrons) produce nuclear waste
  • Difficult storage of radioactive material (leakage???)

HSC Chemistry (5 decks)

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