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HSC Chemistry > ACIDIC 9.3 > Flashcards

ACIDIC 9.3 Flashcards

0
Q

Esterification general word formula

A

Alkanoic acid + alkanol Ester + water

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1
Q

Formation of HYDRONIUM equation

A

H+ + H2O —-> H3O+

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2
Q

General properties of ACIDS

A
  • Corrosive
  • Conduct electricity in solutions
  • Neutralised by BASES
  • Turns BLUE litmus RED
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3
Q

General properties of BASES

A
  • Caustic
  • Neutralised by ACIDS
  • Mainly insoluble in water (aqueous bases are ALKALIS)
  • Usually metal hydroxides or metal oxides
  • Turns RED litmus BLUE
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4
Q

Common ACIDS

A
  • Acetic acid (vinegar)
  • Citric acid (lemon juice)
  • Carbonic acid (fizzy drinks)
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5
Q

Common BASES

A
  • Sodium hydroxide (drain cleaners)
  • Ammonia (household cleaners)
  • Sodium bicarbonate (baking powder)
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6
Q

Common NEUTRAL substances

A
  • Pure water

- Milk

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7
Q

What is an INDICATOR?

A

A substance that changes colour in solution depending on whether the solution is ACIDIC/BASIC

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8
Q

What do you sprinkle over damp soil to test it’s pH?

A

Barium sulfate and then indicator

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9
Q

Identify Acetic Acid

A
  • Ethanoic acid
  • CH3COOH
  • WEAK
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10
Q

Identify Citric Acid

A
  • C6H8O7
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11
Q

Identify Hydrochloric Acid

A
  • HCL

- Strong

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12
Q

Identify Sulfuric Acid

A
  • H2SO4
  • Strong
  • Batteries
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13
Q

When is an acid classified as STRONG

A

When it ionises completely in solution

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14
Q

When is an acid classified as WEAK?

A

When it doesn’t ionise completely in solution (therefore equilibrium)

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15
Q

Outline how acids are used as PRESERVATIVES

A
  • Ethanoic acid (vinegar) is used in “pickling”
  • Kills bacteria (sulfurous acid)
  • Citric acid (natural preservative)
16
Q

Outline how acids are used as FLAVOURINGS

A
  • Carbonic acids is added to soft drinks

- Ethanoic acid (vinegar) is added as flavouring

17
Q

Examples of Natural ACIDS

A
  • Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
  • Citric acid (C6H8O7)
  • Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH)
18
Q

Examples of Natural BASES

A
  • Ammonia (NH3)

- Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)

19
Q

Results of the comparison of the pH of strong and weak acids practical

A
  • Sulfuric acid has the lowest pH because it’s a DIPROTIC STRONG acid
  • HCl is a MONOPROTIC STRONG acid
  • Citric and ethanoic acid are weak
20
Q

Outline the previous ideas of acids

A
  • Lavoisier stated that acids contained OXYGEN
  • Davy stated that acids contained HYDROGEN
  • Arrhenius stated that acids produced H+ ions when in water
21
Q

Outline the bronsted-Lowry theory of acids and bases

A
  • Acids are proton DONORS

- Bases are proton ACCEPTORS

22
Q

What is a Conjugate BASE

A

The original ACID with a proton REMOVED

23
Q

What is a Conjugate ACID

A

The original BASE with a proton ADDED

24
Q

What is an AMPHIPROTIC substance

A

A substance that can act as both an ACID and a BASE

25
Q

What is the functional group of ALKANOLS

A

The hydroxyl group (-OH)

26
Q

What is the functional group of ALKANOIC ACIDS?

A

Carboxyl group (-COOH)

27
Q

Order of boiling points?

A

Highest to lowest: Alkanoic acids, alkanols, parent alkanes

28
Q

State the intermolecular forces within ALKANES, ALKANOLS and ALKANOIC ACIDS

A
  • Alkanes: Dispersion forces
  • Alkanols: Dispersion forces and polar bonds
  • Alkanoic acids: Polar bonds - hydrogen bonding
29
Q

Define Esters

A

Esters are sweet-smelling, volatile organic compounds that contain the ester functional group (-COOC-)

30
Q

Define Esterification

A
  • The process which forms esters
  • The reaction between an acid and an alkanol
  • Endothermic
  • Equilibrium
31
Q

What sort of reaction is Esterification?

A

A CONDENSATION reaction (a water molecule is generated)

32
Q

What is the purpose of adding SULFURIC ACID to esterification

A
  • Acts as a CATALYST

- Increases yield: Acts as a DEHYDRATING AGENT to absorb the water and encourage forward reaction

33
Q

Why do you heat the reaction flask during esterification?

A
  • The higher the temperature, the fast the rate of reaction

- Esterification is an ENDOTHERMIC reaction and therefore an increment in heat will encourage the forward reaction

34
Q

Describe the reflux apparatus

A
  • A condenser placed vertically onto a boiling flask

- It cools any vapours that boil off so they can drip back into the flask

35
Q

Explain the need for refluxng

A
  • Allows the mixture to react at high temperatures without fear that the reactants/products will evaporate away
36
Q

How to name esters

A
  • Alkanol: “anol” –> “yl”

- Alkanoic acid: “oic acid” –> “oate”

37
Q

What are esters used for?

A
  • FLAVOURING: esters are produced to mimic flavours and scents
  • COSMETICS: perfumes, nail polish remover
38
Q

Esters Prac: Justification

A
  • Boiling chips added to even out heatig
  • Reflux was used to _____
  • Addition of sulfuric acid ____

HSC Chemistry (5 decks)

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