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2.1.2 biological molecules > Polysaccharides > Flashcards

Polysaccharides Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a polysaccharide

A

polymers containing many monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds
they are polymers of monosaccharides

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2
Q

what are polysaccharides mainly used as

A

energy stores and structural components

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3
Q

name the energy stores

A

starch (plants) and glycogen (animals)

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4
Q

name the structural component

A

cellulose

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5
Q

what is alpha glucose

A

important molecule as it is the substrate for respiration which occurs in the mitochondria

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6
Q

how does alpha glucose provide energy

A

enzymes break apart alpha glucose molecules which generate energy in the form of ATP which is utilised by the rest of the body

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7
Q

what is the equation for respiration

A

glucose + oxygen —-> carbon dioxide + water

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8
Q

how can you create a store of energy

A

if you join lots of glucose molecules together into polysaccharides you can create a source of energy

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9
Q

how do plants store energy

A

as starch in chloroplasts

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10
Q

how do animals store energy

A

as glycogen in cells of muscles and livers

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11
Q

how are glycogen and starch compact

A

they do not occupy a large amount of space as they both occur in dense granules within the cell

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12
Q

how can glucose be used for respiration

A

polysaccharides hold glucose molecules in chains so they can be easily snipped from the ends of the chains by hydrolysis when required for respiration

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13
Q

which chains of glucose are branched and which are unbranched

A

amylose is unbranched whereas amylopectin is branched

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14
Q

are branched or unbranched chains more compact.

A

branched chains are more compact

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15
Q

what do branched chains allow

A

they offer the chance for lots of glucose molecules to be snipped off by hydrolysis at the same time, when lots of energy is required quickly

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16
Q

why is it important to have alpha glucose as a respiratory substrate

A

excess amount of glucose in body fluids are very dangerous for cell structure

17
Q

what is glucose a product of

A

photosynthesis

18
Q

what is glucose a substrate of

A

respiration

19
Q

are polysaccharides more or less soluble in water than monosaccharides

A

less soluble

20
Q

why are polysaccharides less soluble

A

because of their sieze and also because regions which could hydrogen bond with water are hidden away inside the molecule

21
Q

what would happen if glucose molecules dissolved in the cytoplasm

A

the water potential would reduce and excess water would diffuse in disrupting normal workings of cells

22
Q

is starch soluble in water

A

no, it is insoluble in water

23
Q

why is it important that starch doesnt doesnt dissolve in water

A

so it doesn’t affect osmosis

24
Q

how much of starch does amylose and amylopectin make up

A

20% amylose and 80% amylopectin

25
Q

what is amylose

A

long unbranched chain of alpha glucose that has a compact coiled structure. it is good for storage

26
Q

what is amylopectin

A

long branched chain of alpha glucose. glucose can be released quickly as it is easier for enzymes to get to the branches

27
Q

how does alpha glucose form amylose

A

condensation

28
Q

how does amylose break down into alpha glucose

A

hydrolysis

29
Q

what is the monomer for amylose and amylopectin

A

alpha glucose

30
Q

what type of bonding does amylose have

A

1-4 glycosidic bonding

31
Q

describe the formation of amylose

A

as it forms it coils making it compact (due to the bond angles, this is stablisied with hydrogen bonds. it isnt branched so it has few break off points.

32
Q

what makes amylose less soluble

A

hydroxyl groups on carbon 2 are situated on the inside of the coil making the molecule less soluble and allowing hydrogen bonds to form to maintain the coils structure

33
Q

what is the monomer for amylopectin

A

alpha glucose

34
Q

what type of bonding does amylopectin have

A

1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonding

35
Q

describe the formation of amylopectin

A

as it forms, its branched structures give more break off points (due to the bonding). it coild together into a spiral shape held together with hydrogen bonds but with branches emerging from the spirals

2.1.2 biological molecules (5 decks)

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