Polymers / Alkenes / Alkanes

Question 1

Carboxylic acid functional group

Answer 1

COOH

Question 2

1st 4 members of carboxylic acid group

Answer 2

Methanoic acid
H-C=O
     O-H
Ethanoic acid
Propanoic acid
Butanoic acid

Question 3

Carboxylic acid properties

Answer 3

Dissolve in water to produce an acidic solution
React with carbonate equals CO2
Don’t fully ionise in water, weak acids

Question 4

What do carboxylic acids react with alcohols to produce

Eg. ethanoic acid + ethanol

Answer 4

React with catalyst
Produce Esthers, water is lost
Ethylethanoate + water

Question 5

Alcohol functional group

Answer 5

OH

Question 6

First four members of alcohol group

Answer 6

Methanol
     H
H-C-O-H
      H
Ethanol
Propanol
Butanol

Question 7

Alcohol properties

Answer 7

Dissolve in water
Reacts with sodium to produce hydrogen
Burn in air 
Used to make foods, ethanol is an alcoholic drinks
Oxide to make carboxylic acids

Question 8

How’s soda lime glass made?

Answer 8

Heating
sand
sodium carbonate
limestone

Question 9

How’s borosilicate glass made?

Answer 9

Sand
Boron trioxide
Higher melting point the sodalite glass

Question 10

How are clay ceramics made?

Answer 10

Shaping wet clay and heating in furnace

Question 11

What is thermosetting?

Answer 11

Thermosetting polymers consist of polymer chains with cross links between them and so they don’t melt when they’re heated

Question 12

What can alkanes be used to make

Answer 12

Can create polymers such as polythene

Polymerisation reactions, many small molecules (monomers) join together to make polymers

Question 13

Ethene diagram

Answer 13

H H
C=C
H H

(H H)
-(C-C)-
(H H)

Question 14

What happens when alkenes reacts with oxygen

Answer 14

Combustion reactions
burn with smoky flame
incomplete combustion

Question 15

Alkene + hydrogen /water/halogens reaction

Answer 15

Break C=C bond, additions of H on either side

saturated = Alkane

Question 16

Alkene + water

Answer 16

With steam in presence of catalyst

produces alcohol

Question 17

Alkene + halogen

Eg. Ethene + bromine

Answer 17

Saturated compound with two halogen atoms in the molecule

Ethene reacts with bromine to produce dibromoethene

Question 18

What are alkenes

Answer 18

Unsaturated hydrocarbons as they have a double carbon carbon bond
Still able to react
Have two less hydrogens
CnH2n

Question 19

First 4 alkene members

Answer 19

Ethene
H   H
C=C
H   H
Propene
Butene
Pentene

Question 20

What size molecules do polymers have

Answer 20

Very large molecules

Question 21

How are polymers molecules linked

Answer 21

Strong covalent bonds

Question 22

How strong are the intermolecular forces in a polymer

Answer 22

Relatively strong so substances are solids at room temp

Question 23

Cracking

Answer 23

Catalytic = temperature of 550° C + aluminium oxide catalyst
Steam = over 800°C + steam

Question 24

Products of cracking

Answer 24

1alkene - polymer

1alkane - fuel

Question 25

Test for alkane/alkene

Answer 25

Add bromine water to sample, shake and observe if there is a colour change.alkenes react to turn brown solution colourless. Alkanes do not react

Question 26

Why are fuels with small molecules more demanded

Answer 26

They burn more efficiently

Question 27

Why’s cracking useful

Answer 27

Smaller hydrocarbons are made, they are better fuels (okay) | Polymers are made, plastic crates and ropes (alkene)

Question 28

How are atoms in a polymer molecule are bonded and state at room temperature

Answer 28

Strong double carbon bond which are covalent, solid at room temperature has strong IMF forces

Question 29

How are hydrocarbons separated by crude oil

Answer 29

Crude oil is heated until it evaporates Vapour put in fraction in column Vaporises temperature is higher at the bottom (temperature gradient) Short chain hydrocarbons have lower boiling points so condense close the top where the temperature is lower Long chain hydrocarbons have high boiling point so condense the bottom where temperatures are higher The hydrocarbons condense at points with other hydrocarbons with similar amount of carbons Many fuel such as petrol diesel and kerosene Are made

Question 30

What is crude oil

Answer 30

Crude oil/cold/gas formed over millions of years ago the other means of dead organisms they are finite Plankton Mixture of hydrocarbons

Question 31

What is a hydrocarbon

Answer 31

Made of only hydrogen and carbon

Question 32

First four members of alkane group

Answer 32

``` Methane H H-C-H H Ethane H H H-C-C-H H H Propane Butane ```

Question 33

Alkane HomoLogus series

Answer 33

CnH2n+2

Question 34

Properties of hydrocarbons (size)

Answer 34

``` Long chain Boiling point higher Darker colour City of flame Lower flammability More viscous ```

Question 35

Hydrocarbon combustion

Answer 35

Hydrogen + oxygen —> CO2 + H2O + energy exothermic During combustion carbon and hydrogen are oxidised

Question 36

Incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons

Answer 36

Hydrogen + oxygen —> CO+ H2O Carbon monoxide/carbon produced

Question 37

Uses of hydrocarbon

Answer 37

``` Fuels Medicines Polymer lubricants Solvents Medicine ```

Question 38

What do the properties of polymers depend on

Answer 38

What monomer is that made of

Question 39

Low density vs high density polythene

Answer 39

Low density = less carbon | high density = more carbon

Question 40

What are most composite made of

Answer 40

Two materials Matrix or binder surrounding Fibres to reinforcement

Question 41

Polymers that have and reinforce examples

Answer 41

Fibreglass Concrete Wood

Question 42

Condensation polymerisation

Answer 42

Involves monomers with two functional groups When these types of monomers react they join together usually losing small molecules such as water That’s why they called conversation reactions