POLS 200: Exam 3-TOPICS:8,9,10

Question 1

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why does development matter?

Answer 1

-civil wars are concentrated in the poorest countries
-the world economic forum argues that deepening income inequality is the #1 contemporary world challenge
-for service provision (e.g. education, health care) which impacts life expectancy & inequality between men & women
-for democracy

Question 2

_____ argues that deepening income inequality is the #1 contemporary world challenge

Answer 2

the world economic forum

Question 3

service provision (e.g. education, health care)

Answer 3

which impacts life expectancy & inequality between men & women

Question 4

development is positively associated with___

Answer 4

persistence of democracy

Question 5

almost all countries with GDP/Capita above ______ are democracies

Answer 5

$8,000 (1985 PPP)

Question 6

alsmot all counties with GDP/Capita above $8,000 are democracies-BUT there are exceptions

Answer 6

-larger middle class
-quality of government should be greater
-economic development permits education of more people which builds human capital

Question 7

the paradox that countries w/ an abundance of natural resources tend to experience things like poor governance, low levels of economic development, civil war and dictatorship

Answer 7

resource curse

Question 8

resource curse comes from:

Answer 8

Clark, Golder & Golder 2009)

Question 9

oil, diamonds, a few large landowners dominating the economy

Answer 9

resource curse

Question 10

development & post materialism

Answer 10

-living well, affluence, security
-frees people up to think about other elements to enhance the quality of their life
>human rights
>a clean environment
>equality across groups

Question 11

how can you measure levels of development of a country? or how wealthy its people are?

Answer 11

-common measure: gdp/capita\
-purchasing power purity exchange rates (PPP): makes the funds comparable across countries.

Question 12

based on the price of a particular bundle of goods in each country

Answer 12

PPP

Question 13

presented w/ the year of the exchange rate because inflation changes the value of country exchange rates over time.

Answer 13

PPP

Question 14

common explanations for underdevelopment of countries (acemoga 2003)

Answer 14

-lack of functioning markets
-badly educated population
-machinery & technology are outdated or nonexistent
>geographic hypothesis
>institutions hypothesis

Question 15

possibility of omitted variables or reverse casualty

Answer 15

correlation DOES NOT equal causation

Question 16

colonization by europeans starting in the 15th century-changed institutions while holding geography constant

Answer 16

acemoga 2003

Question 17

indicates that geography is not the explanation for lack of prosperity-richest places have become the poorest

Answer 17

acemoga 2003

Question 18

support for the institutional hypothesis (variation in colonization strategies)

Answer 18

acemoga 2003

Question 19

analysis of GDP/Capita, climate access to the sea or major waterway, conclusion: geography does make the difference

Answer 19

sachs et. al 2001

Question 20

3 major ways geography affects economic development:
-ease of transporting a good, people, ideas
-prevalence of disease
-agricultural productivity

Answer 20

sachs et. al 2001

Question 21

why do some counties maintain institutions associated w/ high rates of poverty?

Answer 21

elites may have a lot to lose from institutional reform & all elites are powerful and can resist change

Question 22

lukes 2nd dimension of power

Answer 22

power to keep issues off the policy agenda

Question 23

change in insitituions can occyr when

Answer 23

-groups that favor change can become more powerful
-sociery can strike a bargain w/ those who will lose some power to credibly compensate them after the change occurs (acemoga)

Question 24

the budget (in a country) needed to uy a certain amount of calories, plus some other indispensable purchase”

Answer 24

povertyly

Question 25

a poor person is essentialy defined as someone w/o enough to eat

Answer 25

banerjee & dalfo 2007

Question 26

poor countries governments have verty little moneg to put towards addressing social policy needs

Answer 26

sachs et al. 2001

Question 27

the more elastic the tax base, the greater the degree to which the sovereign had to give control over public policy to those whose money he sought to appropriate for public purposes

Answer 27

bates 1991
-this gives maquilas strong negotiating power, they can exit
-but the need for skilled labor can change the equation
-globalization thesis

Question 28

challenges for developing human capital

Answer 28

-there need to be jobs in the county for the people w. the skills
-the government needs to know what skills industry needs

Question 29

focus on the set of countries where development has failed
-most are small countries in population & the size of their contribution to the world economy and their lack of economic growth does not drag down average growth in the world
-countries with:
>lower life expectancy
>higher infant mortality
>higher % of children w/ symptoms of long-term malnutrition

Answer 29

the bottom billion (collier 2007)

Question 30

4 types of development traps (collier 2007)

Answer 30

-conflict trap-civil war
-natural resources trap
-trap of being landlocked with bad neighbors
-trap of bad governance

Question 31

the global market has gotten far more hostile to new entrants than it was in the 1980’s

Answer 31

collier 2007

Question 32

natural resources trap (collier 2007)

Answer 32

discovery of a new natural resource due to boom & bust cycles, the country may end up pooer

Question 33

austerity policies may improve the economy but the public views the policy as harmful & blame the government and international lending agencies that imposed the reforms

Answer 33

collier 2007

Question 34

terrible governance and policies can destroy an economy with alarming speed

Answer 34

collier 2007

Question 35

why has the global market become more hostie (collier 2007)

Answer 35

-FDI is limited, and “bottom billion” countries don’t look like good places to invest
-stereotype of countries change slowly
-policy reform is often fragile
-loss of domestic capital through capital flight has gotten easier
-brain drain

Question 36

how can the problem of global markets being hostile be solved (collier 2007)

Answer 36

-International aid
-changing laws in the most advanced counties
-Establish international norms
-changing trade policy to reverse marginalization
-military intervention-to restore order or to maintain peace

Question 37

why would some groups not get represented in a democracy

Answer 37

-democracy is supposed to be government by and for the people, and if government doesn’t represent us we will hold them accountable
-BUT this is based on the unstated assumption that everybody has an equal ability:
1)monitor what government is doing
2)sanction government

Question 38

what can make an actor weak? (rubenstein 2007)

Answer 38

-poverty (of people, of a country)
-ill-health
-illiteracy (or lack of literacy in the language of the government)
-social or political exclusion (remember schneider & ingram 1993)
-dangers of organizing collectively

Question 39

why is accountability desirable? (Rubenstein 2007)

Answer 39

-keeps a leader from using their power arbitrarily
-increases rule-following by power wielders—> enables institutions to make behavior predictable
-promotes accountability holders preferences
-provides information to all actors

Question 40

accountability SOMETIMES promotes-

Answer 40

-substantive or procedural norms
-civic virtues and self-development

Question 41

key components of accountability (Rubenstein 2007)

Answer 41

-standards: what you want officials to do
-information: power wielders often source of information
-sanction: weak accountability holders have inadequate resources for sanctioning a stronger power wielder

Question 42

surrogate accountability (Rubenstein 2007)

Answer 42

accountability holders do not have to sanction the power wielders themselves
-the surrogate can
>set standards
>provide information
>sanction the power wielder
-provides some but not all the benefits of standard accouhtabilty

Question 43

standard accountability (rubenstein 2007)

Answer 43

actor a (power wielder) is accountable for its treatment of actor b (accountability holder) if A forces significant & predictable sanction for failing to treat B according to recognized standards

Question 44

how to evaluate if the surrogate is doing a good job (Rubenstein 2007)

Answer 44

-are the standards what the weak accountability holder wants them to be?
-is the information provided the information the weak accountability holder would have gathered?
-is the sanction what the weak accountability holder would have sanctioned?

Question 45

getting representation is related to_

Answer 45

accountability

Question 46

policy congruence (delegate or trustee)

Answer 46

there is still the question of whether those elected officials are delegates or trustees

Question 47

aspects of representation

Answer 47

-policy congruence
-proportional translation of votes into seats for parties
-representation of groups in society:(Pitkin 1967)
>descriptive representation
>substantive representation
>symbolic representation
-representative bureaucracy

Question 48

descriptive representation (standing for)

Answer 48

representative stands for the group by virtue of sharing similar characters such as class, occupation,race,gender,ethnicity or morale

Question 49

substantive representation (acting for)

Answer 49

making policy in the interest of a group, whether or not you are from the group

Question 50

representative bureaucracy

Answer 50

occurs through unelected parts of government, bureaucracy

Question 51

representation is a contingent process (Escobar-Lemmon & Taylor Robinson)

Answer 51

-can occur in various venues of government
-can start but not be finished due to power imbalances across groups

Question 52

potential barriers to representation:

Answer 52

-other groups do not want to share power
-groups that already have power oppose the new group’s policy preferences
-policy disagreements within the new group
-new group gets descriptive representation where there is little power

Question 53

the policy process generates feedbacks loops (Escobar-Lemmon & Taylor Robinson)

Answer 53

-incentives to incorporate new groups into politics ebb & flow
-people w/ a group( who have a common interest) may disagree about issues, or have different policy preferences
-a new group’s success at obtaining a policy preference may be limited if it has access to only some venues in the government

Question 54

women are an unusual group because women are:

Answer 54

-generally the numerical majority in a society
-spread all over a country’s territory
-part of all other politically relevant demographic groups
> There are a lot of sub-groups within the group of women

Question 55

possible explanations for hwy women are still under-represented in government:

Answer 55

-men who hold power do not want to share that scarce resource
-parties are reluctant to nominate or appoint people who don’t “look like the norm”
-politics is a masculine-gendered field of work
-maybe voters are prejudiced against women?
-maybe women do not want to run
-lack of serious media attention to women in politics
-women lack resources to fund a campaign

Question 56

the inclusion calculation (valdini 2019)
what conditions will prompt male party leaders (the gatekeepers) to consider increasing the representation of women?

Answer 56

-When benefits of including more women>costs
-when feminine stereotypes become valuable
-displacement costs are low
-thread costs are low
-domestic or international responsiveness benefits are high

Question 57

why does having women in government (descriptive representation) matter?

Answer 57

-women are more likely than men to initiate legislation on women’s interest
-without women in government, women are limited to surrogate representation
-countries with more women in legislature (Hughes & tripp)
> Spend more on social welfare
> Have better child health outcomes
> Spend less on defense and conflict behavior decreases(Koch & Tutton)
-they serve as role models (symbolic representation)
-avoids losing the policy ideas of 1/2 the population (J.J. Mill)
-associated with increased trust in government and sataifaviton with democracy (icharatt-Bayer)

Question 58

what factors can increase representation of women in government?

Answer 58

-women in a country demanding representation
-International pressure
-electoral rules
-civil war

Question 59

electoral threshold

Answer 59

-disadvantages small parties
-increases party magnitude for large parties
(Costa Rica)
types of party list slots:
-mandate
-fighting
-ornamental

Question 60

types of gender quotas

Answer 60

-national quota law
-party quota rules
-reserved seats
> Political gender quotas exist in more than 130 countries (bjarregarel & Zetterberg)
> Quotas at different levels of government, quota for the cabinet, for corporate bounds

Question 61

greater representation of women (Hughes & Tripp)

Answer 61

gender quota+PR+democratization

Question 62

change in gendered social structures to rapid political change often widespread social disruption

Answer 62

hughes & tripp

Question 63

hughes and tripp findings

Answer 63

-in the recent period women’s legislative representation is higher in the post conflict counties
-in the entire period, existing conflict is not associated with increased election of women.

Question 64

as standalone politics, general or minority quotas may advantage majority women, minority women, or minority men more than they help minority women.

Answer 64

hughes

Question 65

theory bowen & Clark

Answer 65

representation is a 2way process shaped by:
-how representatives behave
-how constituents perceive the behavior of representatives
-share ethnic/racial “in group effect
-expectation-descriptively represented constituents will receive “netter” representation of all types

Question 66

findings bowen and clark

Answer 66

-descriptive representation does matter and improve perceptions of reposnvies
-people with a “descriptive” representative are more likely to contact their representative’s office
-in general, the substantive effects are larger for minority respondents

Question 67

policy leadership and representation of women’s interests in the us state (Reingold & haynie)

Answer 67

purpose: to study how “who” is represented, and “what” is represented- what types of women’s interests- is inked to the race/ethnicity of legislators
-the link from descriptive to substantive representation

Question 68

findings (Reingold & haynie)

Answer 68

-women pursue different legilstaive agendars than men
-African American and latina women legislators pursue different legislative agendas than men
-African-American women and Latina legislators are very active in all these types of legislative topics

Question 69

subgroups of interest (lopez bunyasi and Smith)

Answer 69

African American subgroups in the us:
-queer
-transgender
-justice-involved persons
-single mothers
-undocumented immigrants

Question 70

findings (lopez bunyasi and smith)

Answer 70

DV-extents to which African Americans are willing to support groups that face secondary marginalization
iv-linked fate, respectability politics

Question 71

social psychology and political science

Answer 71

-stereotyping
-use of heuristics
-mental templates of leadership
-prospect theory

Question 72

common research methodology: experiments

Answer 72

-treatments and controls
-replication
-randomization
PURPOSE: To test the causal relationship between A and B.

Question 73

prospect theory: how does our sense of risk aversion vary

Answer 73

-domain of gains
-domain of losses

Question 74

people dislike losses more than they like equivalent gains. because of that they are more willing to take risks to avoid loss, due to biased weighting of probabilities and loss aversion

Answer 74

prospect theory

Question 75

basic assumptions of rational choice models of decision making:

Answer 75

-coherence
-concave utility function
-invariance

Question 76

invariance

Answer 76

two alternative formulations of the same problem should yield the same choice

Question 77

prospect theory (quattrone & tversky)

Answer 77

-objects to an alternative theory of risky choice
-assumes an s-shaped utility function (not concave)
-this can explain risk aversion and risk-seeking
> How to explain: loss aversion even in a riskless choice

Question 78

losses loom larger than the corresponding gains

Answer 78

quattrone & tversky

Question 79

prospect theory and politics

Answer 79

-creates a preference for the status quo
-creates an advantage for the incumbent when conditions are acceptable (do not have to be great)
-can make international bargaining and compromise more difficult
-endowment effect

Question 80

how loss framing impacts dishonest behavior (Schindler and pfattheicher)

Answer 80

based on loss aversion people are more likely to engage in dishonest behavior to reduce the extent of a loss compared to increasing the extent of a gain

Question 81

social desirability bias

Answer 81

the tendency of each subject to choose responses they believe are more acceptable rather than responses that reflect their true thoughts or feelings

Question 82

findings (mendelberg)

Answer 82

-when there are more women in the group the women are more likely to voice womens distinctive concerns
-but only under majority rule ;and when women are the majority in the group
-group composition also affects what men talk about
-more women in the group +majoirty decision rule
-more generous guaranteed minimum income

Question 83

findings (Clayton)

Answer 83

-presence of women on the decision-making pane; legitimizes decisions that go against women’s interests and greater substantive legitimacy
-decisions have greater procedural legitimacy when there are women on the committee for both men and women participants

Question 84

uses what has long been considered the gold standard methodology in polling
-random digit dialing using live interviews
-calling both landlines and cell phones

Answer 84

Quinnipiac university poll

Question 85

to create a valid poll one must

Answer 85

-identify a topic
-identify the survey population and sample
-prepare and validate questions to ask all respondents
-contact respondents in the sample
-complete the number of useable responses needed for the sample
-analyze the data

Question 86

informal polls that do not apply rigorous methodology are called:

Answer 86

straw polls