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Political & Development Geographies > Politics of Climate Change > Flashcards

Politics of Climate Change Flashcards

1
Q

‘Tropic of Chaos’ (Parenti, 2011)

A

‘catastrophic convergence’ of poverty, violence, climate change

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2
Q

‘catastrophic convergence’ of poverty, violence, climate change

A

‘Tropic of Chaos’ (Parenti, 2011)

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3
Q

According to Parenti’s 2011 Tropic of Chaos, what does climate change do?

A

1) Exacerbates existing conflicts over resources within and between countries
2) Serious impacts on food production, yields, etc.
3) Claims 300,000 deaths a year and is affecting 300m people

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4
Q

The removal of what has lead to climate change increasing?

A

State regulations, subsides, and redistribution

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5
Q

What has the removal of state regulations, subsides, and redistribution inhibited?

A

Society’s ability to avoid violent disruptions as climate change happens

Especially in countries lacking resources and stability

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6
Q

Climate of Injustice

A


(Roberts and Parks, 2007)

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7
Q

What event occurred in 1992 and where?

A

Earth Summit, Rio

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8
Q

What happened at the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio?

A

187 nations signed United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

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9
Q

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) call on nations to do?

A

Protect the climate system…on the basis of equity

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10
Q

What does “protect the climate system on the basis of equity” imply/entail and why?

A

Responses to climate change connected to social and economic issues

Fundamentally about inequality and injustice

Cost of human impacts on ecosystems being disproportionately borne by poor

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11
Q

‘Triple inequality’

A


(Roberts and Parks, 2007)

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12
Q


(Roberts and Parks, 2007)

A

‘Triple inequality’ (and Climate of Injustice)

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13
Q

What are the 3 inequalities? 
(Roberts and Parks, 2007)

A

1) Inequality of Responsibility
2) Inequality of Mitigation
3) Inequality of Adaptation

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14
Q

Inequality of Responsibility

A

GHG emissions

  • US: 5% global population / 25% global carbon emissions
  • 124 developing countries / 24% global emissions
  • Richest 20% global pop / 60% GHG emissions
    (80%+ if also consider historical emissions: CO2 in atm for over 100 years)
  • UNDP: poorest 1 billion people / 3% of global carbon footprint
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15
Q

Inequality of Mitigation

A

Ability/capacity/responsibility to reduce GHG emissions

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16
Q

Inequality of Adaptation

A

Vulnerability

Ability/capacity to respond to climate change and unequal impacts of climate change

UNDP: 2000-2004: 98% of 262 million people affected by climate change disasters = developing world

(1 in 19 people; compared to 1 in 1500 in developed world)

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17
Q

UNFCCC

A

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

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18
Q

COP

3rd COP in Japan in 1997, Parties agreed on the Kyoto Protocol that set targets for industrialised countries to reduce their domestic emissions: carbon trading

A

Conference of Parties

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19
Q

When was the first COP?

A

1995

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20
Q

What was discussed at the first COP?

A

Governments began to negotiate a Protocol that would set tighter and legally binding targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions for certain countries.

21
Q

When and where was the 3rd COP?

A

Japan, 1997

22
Q

What came about from the 3rd COP in Japan, 1997?

A

Kyoto Protocol

23
Q

What did the Kyoto Protocol call for?

A

Set targets for industrialised countries to reduce their domestic emissions: carbon trading

24
Q

What has happened at subsequent COP meetings?

A

Governments most responsible for GHG emissions have failed to agree in new binding limitations to their emissions

25
Q

What has bred a climate of distrust at UN Climate Talks?

A

Historical experiences of colonialism; development; neoliberalism

26
Q

Why can the majority of nations not negotiate with Global North?

A

Poverty

Powerlessness

27
Q

What affects delegation sizes at UN Climate talks?

A

1) Poor small countries cannot afford costs of hotels, offices, salaries in places where UN talks take place thus bring small delegations
2) Rich countries bring convoys of lawyers, scientists, economists, diplomats, consultants to assist in negotiations

28
Q

Why do larger delegations have agenda-setting power?

A

Large delegations can be in many meetings (sub groups, panels etc) that occur at UN talks and ‘Green Room’ of ‘global North’ (G20)

29
Q

Large delegations have more power to….

A

Set the agenda at UN talks

30
Q

What is G77?

A

Largest intergovernmental organization of developing countries in the United Nations

31
Q

How many members countries are there in G77?

A

134

32
Q

What do G77 argue?

A
  1. West is more responsible for problem
  2. Global climate change linked to broader dynamics and inequalities of global economy
  3. Binding commitments would hinder their economic development: but China and India also have responsibilities to reduce GHG emissions
  4. US and China veto any policies that would reduce their carbon economies
  5. EU = relatively weak (and weaker now with Euro under threat)
33
Q

What is a capitalist solution to climate change?

A

Carbon Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism

34
Q

Carbon Emissions Trading and Clean Development Mechanism

A
  1. Allow industrialised countries to reduce emissions wherever in world reductions are cheapest - count reductions towards their national target.
  2. Corporations ‘offset’ their emissions by either purchasing credits in a trading scheme or investing in ‘clean development’ projects in countries that don’t have emissions reduction targets under the Kyoto Protocol.
  3. Schemes enable corporations to maintain (or even increase) pollution by obtaining credits through projects in Global South that rarely benefit the local people.
35
Q

Biofuels

A
  1. Competing with food for arable land
  2. Divert grain away from food for fuel
  3. Farmers encouraged to set land aside for biofuel production
  4. Sparked financial speculation in grains, driving prices up higher

WB estimates biofuels have forced global food prices up by 75%

36
Q

GM crops and hybrids

A
  • Presented as a means to increase yields on existing agricultural land, extending capacity of crops to tolerate salt, drought, heat and floods
  • No GM crops have actually been engineered for yield increase and current GM crops have not led to increased yields
  • Hundreds of patent applications have been made for so-called “climate ready” GM crops
  • Led to serious herbicide resistance among weeds, requiring additional herbicide applications, with negative impacts on environment and climate.
37
Q

REDD

A

Reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation

  • Forest owners in South rewarded for keeping forests instead of cutting them down
  • Funded by govts/private sources
  • Treat REDD as carbon mitigation ‘offset’ where polluters to pay have their continued emissions offset elsewhere through a REDD project.
  • Trading carbon stored in forests = controversial: allows pollution in rich countries to continue + creates new bubble of carbon derivatives
  • REDDs will be central measure in efforts to tackle climate change in future negotiations, but are increasingly open to ‘carbon cowboys’ selling illegal or bogus forest carbon credits.
38
Q

Climate Justice

A

Rejects capitalist approaches to climate change

Argues that solutions to climate change must be based on economic and social justice for all

39
Q

Who have climate justice demands been demanded by? How long?

A

activists/farmers/movements/NGOs

last 10 years

40
Q

7 Climate Justice demands

A
  1. Leaving fossil fuels in the ground
  2. Reducing over-consumption, particularly in the Global North
  3. Recognising ecological and climate debt owed to people’s in Global South by societies of Global North through reparations
  4. Reasserting peoples’ and community control over production
  5. Re-localising food production/food sovereignty
  6. Respecting indigenous and forest people’s rights
  7. Climate justice demands = common ground for peasants; trades unions; some NGOs etc to resist corporate capitalism/agribusiness etc.
41
Q

International cap-and-trade system

A

Cap on global emissions

Nations allocated specified emissions rights which can be traded for cash

42
Q

Proposal for cap-and-trade system does not answer a crucial question:

A

How should emissions be allocated?

43
Q

Many observers have strenuously urged that emissions rights should be allocated by reference to…

A

Population, not to existing emissions

44
Q

By allocating emissions rights by reference to population what does this ensure?

A

Every person on the planet has the same right to use the common resources

45
Q

John Rawl, 1971

A

Veil of Ignorance (A Theory of Justice)

46
Q

The richest 20% of the population are responsible for how much of global emissions?

A

60% (80% if taking into account past contributions)

47
Q

Of the world’s 6 billion people, almost 5 billion live in…

A

Countries where average income = less than $3 a day (World Bank 1997)

48
Q

The bottom 20% of the global population contribute …. to the release of emissions

A

3%

Political & Development Geographies (5 decks)

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