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Political & Development Geographies > Environment & Development > Flashcards

Environment & Development Flashcards

1
Q

Environmental problems are not…

A

UNIFORM

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2
Q

Why do the Global South suffer environmental problems?

A

Primary, unregulated economies -> poor unequally burdened

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3
Q

Why do the Global North suffer environmental problems?

A
  • Manufacturing
  • Services
  • Heavy polluters
  • High consumption
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4
Q

Onset of industrial society/development age caused…

A

Huge changes in the environment-development relationship

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5
Q

What are the 2 key views of sustainable development?

A
  • Technocentric/management view

- Ecocentric/people centred view

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6
Q

What event caused huge changes in the environment-development relationship?

A

Onset of industrial society/development age

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7
Q

What are global commons?

A

Resource domains/areas that lie outside of the political reach of any one nation State

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8
Q

What does international law identify as the 4 global commons?

A

High Seas
Atmosphere
Antarctica
Outer Space.

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9
Q

What happened in the 1960s/70s?

A

Awareness increase, realisation of the crisis

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10
Q

When was the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) created?

A

1972 UN Conference on Human Environment in Stockholm

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11
Q

What is the IPCC and when was it created?

A

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 1988

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12
Q

What occurred in 1985?

A

Montreal Protocol

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13
Q

What did the 1985 1985 Montreal Protocol call for?

A

Ozone depletion & CFCs GLOBAL ACTION

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14
Q

Al Gedicks (The New Resource Wars 1993)

A

RESOURCE WARS

Struggle over remaining natural resources between indigenous/traditional/peasant peoples, state and national governments, and transnational corporations.

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15
Q

What is ecocide?

A

Destruction of ecosystems

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16
Q

What is ethnocide?

A

Destruction of ancient/traditional/indigenous cultures

17
Q

What is genocide?

A

Murder of people

18
Q

Subsistence lifestyles are what compared to modern (neoliberal, market-driven) ones?

A

More secure, independent, and self-determining

19
Q

What does Fairtrade aim to do/provide?

A

1) Producer cooperatives
2) Nurturing cultural and political autonomy within communities
3) Worker self-management of factories
4) Indigenous controlled education, healthcare, economics and politics

20
Q

What are the 6 critical areas/challenges of human impact upon the environment?

A

1) Food security
2) Health
3) Poverty
4) Water
5) Displacement
6) Security

21
Q

Food security

A

More poor people, suffer from hunger due to:

  • reduced agricultural yield
  • livestock
  • fish supply

…as a result of environmental degradation.

22
Q

Health

A

Health threats like:

  • diarrhoea
  • malaria
  • asthma
  • stroke

…affect more people when temperatures rise.

23
Q

Poverty

A

Livelihoods are destroyed when income from:

  • agriculture
  • livestock
  • tourism
  • fishing

…is lost due to weather-related disasters and desertification

24
Q

Water

A

Increased water scarcity results from:

  • decline in the overall supply of clean water
  • more frequent and severe floods and drought
25
Q

Displacement

A

More climate-displaced people are expected due to:

  • sea level rise
  • desertification
  • floods
26
Q

Security

A

More people live under continuous threat of:

  • conflict
  • institutional break down

…due to:

  • migration
  • weather-related disaster
  • water scarcity.
27
Q

What are the 6 hotspot issues?

A
  1. Food security
  2. Atmospheric pollution
  3. Drought & water resources
  4. Biodiversity & Deforestation
  5. Disaster & vulnerability
  6. Energy/hydrocarbon conflicts (oil & gas)
28
Q

Canadian Tar Sands

A
  • Alberta Athabasca Oil Sands
  • 2nd largest oil reserve in world
  • 1 million barrels per day - could be 5 million
  • Surface mining - bitumen extraction from surface layer
29
Q

What are the impacts of mining in the Canadian Tar Sands?

A
  • Removal of boreal forest
  • Displacement of indigenous communities
  • Huge energy use to extract bitumen from sands (2-4 units of water/1 unit of oil created)
  • Increase in greenhouse gases (5% of Canada’s)
30
Q

By how much must global emissions decrease by 2050?

A

80-95%

31
Q

What is needed in the global north?

A

A lifestyle change

32
Q

How did the Brundtland Commission define ‘sustainable development’ in 1987?

A

‘development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’

33
Q

Brundtland Commission, 1987

A

Sustainable development

‘development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’

Political & Development Geographies (5 decks)

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