Political Philosophy Flashcards
What is positive freedom
this is the act to fill our full potential. it involves the availability of options. “ freedom to “ an example is choosing what subject to do in upcoming classes.
What is negative freedom
this is the freedom from constraint, it is being able to do what you want without restrictions.
what is the problem with positive & negative freedom
How much negative freedom should we give up to insure positive freedom
mills quote?
” those actions which directly affect the freedom of others should be restricted “
what is mills harm principle?
mill acknowledges that we may find self regarding behaviour like outrageous dress, drug abuse etc offensive
- our freedom must be absolute unless harm is caused to us, the state can step in
harm principle?
this guarantees individual liberty whilst still acknowledging a guarantee requires some level of sacrifice.
what are hobbes beliefs
we have consented to rule by the state and thus we are obliged to comply with its laws
what did hobbes believe about people
they are naturally selfish and cruel, and governments are needed to protect them from each other. PROTECTION !!!!
what does hobbes believe when people are in fear?
they ‘gift’ control over themselves to the government for greater security. self protection
what did john locke believe
human nature allowed people to be selfish
what rights foes locke believe people have
Property, Liberty, life
what is the social contract
an implicit agreement among the members of society to cooperate for social benefits, eg. sacrificing some individual freedom for state protection.
what did hobbes think of the social contract
he believes in order to secure self protection and self preservation and to avoid misery and pain we entered a contract
what did locke believe about the contract
in the state of nature rights were given to them
what did locke believe about property
private property is created when a person mixes labour with materials of nature.
whats the 1st principle of justice
each member of society should enjoy the same basic liberties
whats the 2nd principle
positions that have greater advantages should be available to everyone.
whats the 3rd principle
least advantaged members should benefit from gains of the most fortunate
what is marxism( rawls princ )
everyone in society receives an equal share no matter what their skills are, same benefits.
resources should be re- distributed equally between society’s members
what is liberalism? ( rawls princ )
allows some freedom to improve well- being of society and health. can see benefits from giving up freedom.
what is punishment
a type of right awarded to authority to keep social order as a response to crime.
involves deprivation of some kind of good ( money ) , freedom, privileges, life
what is the problem with punishment
how can it be justified given the intention is to harm others
what do anarchist think
any exercise of power by the state is an infringement of individual freedom- unjustifiable.
this is a reminder of how much power the state has over individuals
what do anarchist think of the state
they consider the state a threat.
