Exam ‼️ Flashcards
~person hood~
what is a potential being?
a being that could become a person in the future
what does john locke define a person as
~personhood~
’ a thinking intelligent being that has reason and reflection, and considers a itself the same thinking things, in different times and places’
what is an ex person
~personhood~
a being that was once a person but has how lost the characteristics necessary for being called a person
persons are:
~personhood~
self aware self created rational and reflective social language users
some people think?
~personhood~
there should be no separation of ‘human’ and ‘person’
descartes claims what
~personhood~
that the concept of a ‘person’ is essential in order to have any conscious experiences at all
what is anthropomorphism
~personhood~
the ascription of human qualities and traits to non human animals
how are are animals self aware
~personhood~
the results of psychological experiments demonstrate some are (chimpanzees, elephants, dolphins)
chimpanzees recognise themselves in …?
~personhood~
mirrors
what is blanshards view
~determinism/freewill~
determinism, because it holds that everything we do is determined by desires stemming from our biological make up and or environment
human beings are never able
~ determinism/freewill~
to do other what they infact do
what do humans feel?
~determinism/ freewill~
as though we are free but this is just an illusion
human beings aren’t aware of
~determinism/freewill~
the influences determining us
what could happen if you record influences
~determinism/freewill~
you could predict basically everything
for determinists, what happens when you blame someone
your not saying its his or her fault because what he or she did was caused by his/her biological makeup and environment
if human actions are events…
they must be caused by events
if an action is caused by other events how is it free ???
what did cambell argue free will is
that human beings do make free choices
cambells views
our biological makeup and environent determine much of what we do but when we make a moral choice we act freely
why are moral choices free
because biology and environment determine our desires
what is libertarianism
it asserts that human beings are likely to make free choices
example of moral choice
when you treat people nicely although your in a bad mood
a free choice could also be
a possibility like breaking a tie between two equal possibilities
what is positive freedom
” freedom to “
- the freedom to act to fulfil one’s potential
- it involves not only the capacity to make genuine choices but the availability of options
what is negative freedom
“freedom from”
- freedom from constraint
- it means being able t pursue one’s interest without interference from external forces
what does mill believe
only actions that affect the freedom of others should be restricted
what is the harm principle
it guarantees individual liberty whilst still acknowledging such a guarantee requires some level of sacrafice
positive freedom is….
tied to negative freedom
what is the problem( negative& positive freedom )
how much negative freedom are we willing to give up to ensure positive freedom
why are n & p freedom said to be incompatiable
because they are both based off different terms/ theorys
what does hobbes believe
we have consented to rule by the state therefore we are obliged to comply with its laws
hobbes believes human nature…..
arises from fear
when is political authority established
when people fear their lives so they ‘gift’ control over their own preservation
hobbes believes fear
makes people compete for necessities
why does hobbes believe people have no chance of cooperation
their are no guarantees that anyone will be true to their word
what does locke believe
consent is a contract entered by individuals who have chosen to come together to ensure interests are protected
why does locke believe we are bound to consent to the states law
we remain within these societys and accept the benefits they offer
what is the social contract
what we sign internally to obligy by the state and its laws
-pascals wager
if you believe in god
god will reward you with an infinite payoff (life everlasting)
what happened if you have bet against god and he does exist
you have lost an infinite payoff
what does pascal believe the right decision is
to believe in god
what is pascals argument trying to probe
faith
what does pascal invite his reader to consider
the wisdom of the ‘leap of faith’ in terms of gambling odds
what does pascals wager posit
all humans bet with their lives either that god exists or that he doesnt
what is the most obvious problem with pascals wager
it assumes there is only one religion , only one version of god
given that we cannot know God’s nature…..
how can we be sure that god is in the business of reward and punishment
