Political Participation

Question 1

Verba on participation 1995…

Answer 1

"”an activity that has the intent or effect of influencing government action”

Question 2

Barett & Zani 2015…

Answer 2

“Spectrum of behaviour aiming to influence political institutions, process and decision making at either the local, regional, national or supranational level”

Question 3

Van Deth 2016…

Answer 3

“Citizens activities affecting policies”

Question 4

4 party activities?

Answer 4

1) Being a member
2) Standing for election at local level
3) Standing for election at national level
4) campaigning for a political party

Question 5

4 values of political participation?

Answer 5

1) responsive government
2) legitimises political outcomes
3) educated and informs the public
4) political equality

Question 6

What is Generation Effect (Blais 2004)

Answer 6

Explains the divides in social voting dependent on age

Question 7

4 factors explaining non-participation?

Answer 7

1) Resources model - money, time and civic skill
2) Psychological engagement (KAHN) - engagement with state around emotion
3) Mobilisation Model - community mobilisation fuels engagement
4) Rational Choice - voters make rational choices to achieve outcomes personally - doesn’t affect me then why bother

Question 8

What does Miller and Shanks 1996 say about age?

Answer 8

age by definition is the most antecedent variable (with gender) there is no reasons to control for other variables

Question 9

Why do the youth disengage (Blais)?

Answer 9

less wedded to the norm that voting is not only a right but also a civic duty + younger people pay less interest to politics perhaps because they tend to attach less importance or value to that field of activity than others

Question 10

Education and voting (Blais)?

Answer 10

Better educated are more likely to vote BUT education has also had the opposite effect = better educated overwhelmingly vote if they belong to older generation and their turn out is still relatively high

Question 11

Socio-demographic characteristics (Blais)?

Answer 11

Gender, income, religion, marital status, unionization

Question 12

Oser definition for online participation?

Answer 12

Internet is the “weapon of the strong”

Question 13

2 ways in which internet increase participation?

Answer 13

1) Could lead to more interactive forms of communication

2) Lowers the cost of gathering information

Question 14

6 different ways of participating?

Answer 14

1) Voting
2) Campaign activity
3) Direct contacting of officials
4) Communal activity
5) Protests
6) internet activism

Question 15

4 factors explaining voter decline?

Answer 15

1) Youth disengagement
2) decreasing trust in governments
3) voter fatigue
4) USA and no automatic registration

Question 16

Why has media affected campaigning?

Answer 16

Lessens the importance of rallies and canvassing designed to inform the public

Question 17

How much of the American public directly contacted govt. in 1960’s?

Answer 17

1/5th DOUBLED in the 1980’s

Question 18

Why is their a gender decline in voting?

Answer 18

1) lowers access to socio-economic resources

2) lower levels of political information (interest and efficacy)

Question 19

Gender role of women - QUOTE

Answer 19

“women and socialised towards a gender role that is more passive, private, rule-abiding and compassionate”

Question 20

Hooghe and Stoole 2004 - Girls favour social movements why?

Answer 20

1) women’s lower socio-economic status makes it difficult to engage in high cost campaign activity
2) Find ways of participating which slots into everyday activity (house wife)

Question 21

18 Western nations analysed?

Answer 21

NO sign of gender gap in voting BUT women were seen to be less likely to be active party members