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History AS Exam - Germany 1919-1934 > Political Instability and Opposition to Weimar Republic (1919-23) > Flashcards

Political Instability and Opposition to Weimar Republic (1919-23) Flashcards

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1
Q

Who led the Spartacist uprising?

A

The USPD and Spartacus League

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2
Q

When did the Spartacist uprising take place?

A

5 Jan 1919

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3
Q

What caused bitter accusations from the Left after the Spartacist uprising?

A

Use of Freikorps to subdue the unrest

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4
Q

Who subdued the Spartacist uprising?

A

Freikorps groups

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5
Q

What caused unrest between KPD and SPD?

A

The Spartacist uprising on 5 Jan 1919

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6
Q

Who took over Bavaria in April 1919?

A

The Communists

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7
Q

What was the attempted ‘Bavarian Soviet Republic’?

A

April 1919. Communists took over Bavaria and refused to collaborate with the army and organised their own, ‘Red Army’. Ended by Freikorps in May 1919. Street fighting = 1,000 supporters killed. 800 arrested and executed.

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8
Q

What was the military response to the Communist takeover of Bavaria?

A

May 1919. Sent in gov troops and Freikorps. Over 1,000 supporters killed. 800 men and women arrested by Freikorps and executed.

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9
Q

When was the Communist takeover of Bavaria?

A

April 1919

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10
Q

When did the Red Rising in the Ruhr take place?

A

15 Mar 1920 (two days after Kapp Putsch)

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11
Q

What was the Red Rising in the Ruhr?

A

A call for a general strike by 50,000 Social Dems due to gov’s leniency on Kapp Putsch. A Red Army formed in Ruhr by socialists. Ended by German Army using on the spot executions.

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12
Q

How many socialists were involved in the Red Rising in the Ruhr on 15 Mar 1920?

A

50,000

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13
Q

How the German gov’s quelling of Leftist uprisings affect their image?

A

Their ruthless, military brutality complicated matters since they wanted to achieve democratic peace.

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14
Q

What did the German gov’s response to Left Uprisings prove?

A

Showed their firm action against the Left Wing

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15
Q

When did a wave of Communist uprisings occur in Saxony?

A

October 1923

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16
Q

What was known as German October?

A

The Communist uprisings in Saxony, Thuringia and Hamburg during October 1923

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17
Q

What did the SPD leave the government in protest of?

A

Result of Oct 1923 Communist uprisings. Saxony and Thuringia uprisings crushed early. Hamburg crushed by the army.

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18
Q

What were the four major Left Wing uprisings?

A

(1) Spartacist Uprising on 5 Jan 1919
(2) Communist takeover of Bavaria April 1919
(3) Red Rising in the Ruhr on 15 Mar 1920
(4) German October (communist uprisings) in Oct 1923

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19
Q

What caused the Kapp Putsch?

A

Minister’s disbandment of two Freikorp brigades March 1920.

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20
Q

What was Luttwitz intention for the Kapp Putsch?

A

To overthrow the government.

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21
Q

Who was Wolfgang Kapp?

A

A journalist and leader of Fatherland Party. He hated WR.

22
Q

What happened in the Kapp Putsch?

A

12,000 Freikorps marched in Berlin and caused gov to flee to Stuttgart.

23
Q

What brought an end to the Kapp Putsch?

A

Ebert’s worker strike

24
Q

Who did Nationalist opponents to the WR assassinate?

A

Erzeberger (Repr. Repar) in Aug 1921. Rathenau (Foreign Minister) in June 1922

25
Q

What caused the Munich Beer Hall putsch of 8 Nov 1923?

A

1923 Hyper-inflation and end of passive resistance.

26
Q

What was the result of the Munich Beer Hall Putsch?

A

16 Nazis killed. Hitler arrested for treason, sentenced to 5 yrs but released early in Dec ‘24.

27
Q

When was the Munich Beer Hall Putsch?

A

8 November 1923

28
Q

What was the Ebert-Groener deal?

A

10 November 1918. An agreement between Chancellor Ebert and Quat. General of Army, Groener to provide supplies and protection against militias of the workers’ and soldiers’ councils.

29
Q

What had dramatically decreased by November 1918?

A

Industrial and Agricultural Production

30
Q

What did Germans call the politicians involved in signing the armistice of Nov 1918?

A

‘November Criminals’

31
Q

Who were the ‘November Criminals’?

A

The German politicians involved in signing the Nov 1918 armistice.

32
Q

Why did the German Army feel that they had been ‘stabbed in the back’?

A

They had been led to believe they were winning. The armistice was a complete surprise.

33
Q

When was the WW1 Armistice signed?

A

11 Nov 1918

34
Q

What saved the WR government from uprisings?

A

The armed Freikorps groups of ex-soldiers who defeated the uprisings.

35
Q

What did the Treaty mean for the Freikorps? What did this cause?

A

They had to disband. The Kapp Putsch.

36
Q

What did the Army refuse to do during the Uprisings?

A

Fire on Freikorps groups.

37
Q

Because the Army refused to fire on Freikorps, what ended the Kapp Putsch?

A

Ebert’s worker’s strike. They refused to join in or cooperate.

38
Q

How many government politicians were killed by nationalist terrorists during 1919-1923?

A

356.

39
Q

How did judges treat nationalist terrorists?

A

With leniency.

40
Q

What did the Leftist Spartacists want to achieve?

A

Replicate the Russian Revolution: Overthrow the gov. using violent methods for the workers and soldiers.

41
Q

What did the Rightist Kapp followers want to achieve?

A

Overthrow the WR, and establish an autocratic government in its place.

42
Q

What was WR’s primary cause of crisis, started in 1923?

A

A missed reparations payment in Nov 1922.

43
Q

What happened as a result of a missed reparations payment in Nov 1923?

A

The French and Belgians invaded the Ruhr, believing they were choosing not to pay. They confiscated industrial goods for payment.

44
Q

What was ‘passive resistance’ in the Ruhr?

A

The German gov order workers in Ruhr to not cooperate with the French. They would still be paid.

45
Q

How many were hurt by French troops in the Ruhr?

A

Troops shot at workers, killing 132 in total. 150,000 expelled.

46
Q

What worsened matters during the French occupation of the Ruhr?

A

Printed more money for workers worsened hyperinflation. A general strike was called. Political instability was rife.

47
Q

What added to the gov’s unpopularity during the Ruhr invasion?

A

Their submissiveness to the French. Even with passive resistance, nothing was done to stop it. Workers were still killed. They caused the invasions by falling behind on payments.

48
Q

What worsened inflation?

A

Printing more money to pay striking workers,

49
Q

What were signs of recovery during ‘The Golden Years’

A

(1) 1928 indus. prod. levels higher than pre-WW1
(2) Between 1925-1929, exports rose by 40%
(3) Wages rose every year between ‘24 and ‘29
(4) Pension, health and U/E schemes introd. 1927

50
Q

When were ‘The Golden Years’?

A

1924-1929

51
Q

What were signs of continued weakness during ‘The Golden Years’

A

(1) Agri. prod. never returned to pre-WW1 levels
(2) Spent more on imports than gained through exports
(3) U/E never fell below 1.3 million and rose to 1.9 in 1929
(4) Industry relied on loans from USA

History AS Exam - Germany 1919-1934 (7 decks)

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