Political impact in Italy – D’Annunzio and Fiume

Question 1

Why was Italy refused Fiume

Answer 1

-As the USA and UK believed it was vital to the economy of the new Yugoslav state, even though it was never promised by the Entente powers anyway in 1915.

Question 2

When was the liberal governments weakness further undermined

Answer 2

The Liberal government’s weak position was further undermined when Gabriele d’Annunzio, a Nationalist poet/novelist, seized the Adriatic port of Fiume in September 1919

It had been part of Austria-Hungary.

Question 3

Events surrounding Fiume from 1919-23

Answer 3

-D’Annunzio was accompanied by 300 ex-soldiers.
-The Liberal government did nothing – emphasising its weakness and indecision.
-D’Annunzio proclaimed Italy was ‘the symbol of liberty’, and there was the prospect of a possible seizure of Rome later on.
-By December 1920, a new government under Giolitti decided to finally take action by sending in the troops – one year later!
-D’Annunzio and his supporters fled (fearing shells, influenza).
-Fiume became an international free city until 1923, when Mussolini took over.

Question 4

How might this incident be considered an inspiration for Fascism

Answer 4

-Through d’Annunzio’s heroic speeches from balconies
-Rhyming war cries
-Supporters wore black shirts and used castor oil to intimidate opponents
-Had a Roman straight-arm salute
-Discussed a ‘March on Rome’, and d’Annunzio put on a great show for thoughtful Italians.

Question 5

How might d’Annuzio be considered a rival to Mussolini

Answer 5

-Up to 1922, d’Annunzio was far more famous than Mussolini, but later saw his prestige fall after his flea from Fiume.

-Mussolini was worried about him as a potential rival.

-In October 1922 d’Annunzio fell from his balcony, putting him out of action, leaving Mussolini as the firm ‘lost leader’ of Italy.