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Media Studies > Political Economy of Media > Flashcards

Political Economy of Media Flashcards

1
Q

political factors that impact media content

A

law and regulation policies, concentration, western media

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2
Q

economy of media meaning

A

considers the financial factors that impact media content

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3
Q

media regulation

A

process by which a range of specific, often legally binding, tools are applied to media systems and institutions to achieve established policy goals such as pluralism, diversity, competition, and freedom

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4
Q

types of media regulation

A

self regulation, state regulation, regulation by independent bodies

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5
Q

self regulation

A

the company’s viewpoints, beliefs, and ideas would be expressed and reflected in the media products. these companies are usually profit oriented and concerned about their ratings

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6
Q

the impact of self regulation

A

in order to maximize profit they might post very controversial subjects, sensationalized clickbait which would ultimately get them the news and as per Galtung and Ruge’s News Values theory, has the most value

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7
Q

state regulation

A

if a media product is regulated by the state then the content is reflective of whether the country is democratic or not

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8
Q

state regulation in UK and france

A

the democracy is followed, the media is also more liberal and barely regulated by the state. they can be investigative, hold the government accountable, and provide public discourse. when it comes to films, explicit scenes are less censored but rather they’re classified based age, or broadcasted in the watershed time

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9
Q

state regulation in china, north korea, and russia

A

media is reflective of the military dictatorship followed

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10
Q

what is evident in the uyghur muslim conflict

A

the difference in media regulation in uk and chinese media

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11
Q

uyghurs

A

a turkic ethnic group mostly muslim, living in xinjiang

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12
Q

tensions that existed in xinjiang

A

tension between the uyghurs and han chinese majority, fueled by economic disparity and ethnic differences

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13
Q

chinese crackdown

A

since 2014, china has intensified security measures in xinjiang. this includes mass detentions in re education camps, surveillance, restrictions on religion and culture

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14
Q

concerns related to the uyghur muslim conflict

A

many human rights groups believe these measures are excessive and the amount of cultural suppression or even genocide. china defends them as necessary to combat terrorism and extremism

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15
Q

how did uk media portray the uyghur muslim conflict

A

focus on human right abuse, uses terms like ‘detention camps’, ‘forced labour’ and ‘genocide’. relies on investigative journalism and witness accounts, uk media cites leaked documents, interviews with uyghur refugees, and independent research to support its claims

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16
Q

how did chinese media portray the uyghur muslim conflict

A

discredited human right abuse and labels it as western propaganda, uses terms like ‘vocational training centers’ and ‘counter-extremism measures’. portrays the situation as a counter terrorism effort. they claim the camps are vocational training centers to combat extremism and separatism. they even restrict access to xinjiang

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17
Q

regulation by independent bodies

A

this is seen in uk and is considered the ideal form of regulation as it balances regulation to prevent harm while ensuring freedom of expression.

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18
Q

examples of regulation by independent bodies

A

OFCOM regulates TV, radio, and social media. BBFC regulates film by offering age certificates

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19
Q

laws that prevent harm, protect consumers, and ensure equality

A

censorship laws, antitrust laws and ownership laws, net neutrality

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20
Q

concentration of media industries

A

monopoly, oligopoly, pluralistic

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21
Q

monopoly

A

one company dominates the entire media market, controlling the production, distribution, and access to media content without significant competition.

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22
Q

oligopoly

A

when a small number of large companies dominate the media industry, sharing control over media production and distribution.

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23
Q

pluralistic

A

A variety of independent and diverse media organizations contribute to the media landscape, leading to a more diverse range of content and viewpoints.

24
Q

example that shows the importance of pluralistic media industries

A

George Floyd’s murder- the mainstream media initially made it seem like the police accidentally murdered the black men and fed into the stereotype that black men are criminals and aggressive. However the footage filmed by Darnella Frazier proved otherwise spotlighting police brutality.

25
Q

example of monopolies

A

The Walt Disney Company has acquired a vast number of media companies, including Pixar, Marvel, Lucasfilm, and 20th Century Fox. This consolidation has led to concerns about Disney’s monopolistic position in the entertainment industry, particularly its control over blockbuster films, streaming services (Disney+), and television networks (ABC, ESPN).

26
Q

example of oligopolies

A

The dominance of major studios like Disney, Warner Bros., Universal, Sony Pictures, and Paramount in the film industry.
This oligopoly shapes the types of films produced (e.g., focus on blockbusters and franchises) and influences audience choices. You can analyze how this impacts diversity in storytelling and representation.

27
Q

media industries taking advantage of the free market economy

A

oligopolies and monopolies can do this, causing disadvantages to consumers

28
Q

what is the result of media industries taking advantage of the free market economy

A

if the prices are high audiences may start seeking more cheaper options at the cost of authenticity, giving rise to the wider social issue of infodemics/misinformation

29
Q

example for pluralistic environments

A

CODA (2021) is an independent film by San Heder streaming on Apple TV+ was a big win for the indie film industry. The film provides a realistic portrayal of the deaf community. It went on to win the the 2022 Sundance Film Festival Audience Award and the Grand Jury Prize, and later took home three Academy Awards, including Best Picture

30
Q

who can contribute to cultural imperialism

A

the big 6 companies that are all based in USA, since they have a profound impact on UK media

31
Q

cultural imperialism

A

it refers to powerful cultures, often western nation (hollywood) using media to spread their values, beliefs, and ways of life.

32
Q

what is the result of cultural imperialism

A

homogenization (different cultures becoming similar and alike) and erosion of cultures and reshaping identities

33
Q

how does product placement in american based films affect the local economy

A

product placements in films produced by mostly american based global corporations help audiences who are developing their identity relating to these films to also develop an incline towards american products, causing a decline in local economy

34
Q

why are finances important for films

A

they are necessary for the production process, to obtain the best casting, costumes, makeup, sets, special effect etc. they help carry out a strong marketing campaign. funds are important for any live tours and any innovation and experimentation to be carried out in media products

35
Q

how can funding be obtained

A

companies/investors, film festivals, ticket/concessionary sales, DVD/blu-ray/ streaming services sales, advertising

36
Q

how can advertising be done

A

through product placements and sponsorships

37
Q

types of films advertisers invest on

A

films that seem to be profitable due to factors like pre-existing fanbase or invest in platforms that are more likely to garner more audiences

38
Q

attention economy

A

also known as eyeball economy and it’s basically a race for attention

39
Q

evidence of the importance of attention economy

A

The number of product placements in ‘He’s all that’ was due to the attention it was predicted to garner due to the main lead being a TikTok star Addison Rae with an immense user following.

40
Q

how do film streaming platforms attempt to retain the attention of their audience

A

by building brand loyalty and through surveillance capitalism

41
Q

how do companies attempt to build up their brand loyalty

A

by increasing the quality of the media products being produced (introducing IMAX, dolby atmos, 3D sensory experiences), subscription model so that users can watch a large number of films for a cheaper sum, discounts (offering free trials), and providing exclusive content (interactive films that only work if you have a certain streaming site)

42
Q

who introduced the concept of surveillance capitalism

A

shoshana zuboff

43
Q

surveillance capitalism

A

it refers to the people who have wealth and power to invest in surveillance devices, which allows them to gather information about all of us

44
Q

surveillance devices in contemporary society

A

meta’s facebook, instagram, google, and netflix

45
Q

how do surveillance devices in the contemporary society collect our personal information

A

by keeping track of information such as our likes, the time we spend on a particular post, rewinds and rewatches, etc

46
Q

wiretapping

A

it refers to the secret monitoring of telephone and internet-based conversations by a third party. it involves placing a listening device on a communication line to eavesdrop on conversations without the knowledge or consent of the participants

47
Q

dallas smythe about audiences

A

audiences are being sold to advertisers as mere products. advertisers are capable of using the information extracted with the assistance of AI, cookies, and algorithms to create targeted ads which feature on the suggestions, recommendations or For You Pages

48
Q

idealogical dominance

A

it refers to a situation where a particular set of ideas, beliefs, and values hold sway over a society. it shaped how people understand the world, their place in it, and the way things should function

49
Q

the effects of a bias

A

when audiences are continuously exposed of the propaganda of the bourgeoise of the government, it may become cultivated in out minds impacting how we perceive and respond to circumstances and social groups

50
Q

anchoring bias

A

you tend to believe the first thing you see on media and that it is cultivated in the mind

51
Q

confirmation bias

A

you tend to believe what is continuously repeated on media

52
Q

example of confirmation bias

A

the facebook - rohingya conflict

53
Q

the consequences of bourgeoise’s ability to determine price ranges for media products

A

audiences will start seeking for cheaper options at the cost of authenticity. this may lead audiences towards pirated content which causes a decline in revenues and fake news which can stir up a lot of problems for the social well being particularly if its citizen journalism which usually lacks factual accuracy

54
Q

effects of fake news

A

it reinforces pre existing beliefs by cherry picking information and framing issues to fit a particular agenda. this can be used to promote a dominant ideology by marginalizing dissenting viewpoints and discrediting factual information that challenges the status quo. this can erode audiences trust on media

55
Q

how do paywalls and subscription models affect audience viewpoints

A

they can restrict access to quality journalism, mainly for those who cannot afford it. this can limit exposure to diverse viewpoints and create an information gap that benefits those who control the dominant media narrative.

56
Q

the use of piracy

A

it is a way for people to access information that is otherwise unavailable to them, using illegal websites and VPNs. however it can also lead people to unreliable sources of information,making it difficult to distinguish fact from fiction

Media Studies (4 decks)

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