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nazis; the golden age of the weimar republic > political developments and working of democracy, 1924-28 > Flashcards

political developments and working of democracy, 1924-28 Flashcards

1
Q

How many Reichstag elections were there in 1924?

A

Two, one in May and one in December.

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2
Q

What did the 2 Reichstag elections of 1924 show?

A

They indicated that there was a return of greater support for the parties that supported the Republic.

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3
Q

What percentage of votes went to pro-republican parties in May and December 1924?

A
  • May 1924: over 61%
  • December 1924: 67%
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4
Q

How did the Nazis do in the 1924 Reichstag elections?

A

They won just 6.5% of the vote in May, and then an even worse 3% in December.

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5
Q

How did the Communists do in the 1924 elections?

A

They also saw their shares of the vote decrease.

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6
Q

What did the DNVP do for the first time in January 1925?

A

Joined a Reich coalition government, as the right-wing nationalist parties were starting to accept the Republic.

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7
Q

What did the political developments of 1924 show?

A

That the democratic parties were struggling to provide stable governments that commanded widespread support.

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8
Q

What happened to extremist and anti-republican parties in the 1928 Reichstag election?

A

Their support declined even more.

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9
Q

What did the share of the Nazi vote decline to in 1928?

A

To just 2.6%, earning only 12 seats. This put them below obscure and minor parties such as the Bavarian People’s Party.

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10
Q

What did the KPD see in the 1928 Reichstag election?

A

A revival in their electoral votes.

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11
Q

How many coalition cabinets were there between November 1923 and March 1930?

A

7, making it barely more stable than those in the years of 1919-23.

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12
Q

How many of the 23 cabinets between 1919 and 1932 had majority support in the Reichstag?

A

Just 6.

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13
Q

What was the only way for a minority government to survive?

A

Only if they had some sort of unity between the parties making up the coalition.

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14
Q

When and why did the government of Luther collapse?

A

In 1926, due to there being a dispute over flags.

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15
Q

How did Hindenburg settle the flag issue?

A

He ordered that both the old imperial flag and the new Republic flag be flown together.

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16
Q

What were the colours of the old imperial flag?

A

Black, white and red.

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17
Q

Why were the number of workable parties limited?

A

Because many parties refused to work together.

The SPD and the DNVP would not serve in the same cabinet, and the more moderate parties didn’t have enough seats for a majority.

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18
Q

Who led the Grand Coalition in 1928?

A

Hermann Muller of the SPD.

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19
Q

How long did the Grand Coalition of 1928 last?

A

For 2 years, until March 1930. This was one of the longest living coalitions of the era.

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20
Q

When did the Grand Coalition of 1928 finally agree on the government’s policies?

A

Not until the spring of 1929, despite being formed in summer of 1928.

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21
Q

What was the only reason that the Grand Coalition of 1928 survived?

A

Because of the strong relationship between Muller and the Foreign Minister, Stresemann.

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22
Q

How did factional rivalries damage the ability to establish a stable democracy?

A

Because Party leaders often gave higher priority to protecting the interests of their party rather than the interests of the nation.

As well as this, when leading party members became ministers in coalition cabinets, party committees would not allow them any flexibility to work on their own initiative.

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23
Q

What party was the largest throughout 1924-28?

A

The left-wing SPD.

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24
Q

Why did the SPD have a vital interest in the success of a democratic government?

A

They had been the party to take a leading role in the revolution of 1918 and the establishment of the Weimar Republic.

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25
Q

How many coalition cabinets did the SPD participate in between 1924-28?

A

Only 1 of 6.

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26
Q

Why weren’t the SPD involved in many coalitions?

A

As they could not let go of their revolutionary Marxist rhetoric which had been its trademark since the 1860s, despite making moves to becoming a reformist, moderate party.

This meant that the party was inflexible on important issues and unwilling to compromise.

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27
Q

Who did the SPD not appeal to?

A

There was very limited appeal to young people and to women.

There was no support from farmers, agricultural workers or the Mittelstand.

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28
Q

Why was the Centre Party established?

A

To protect the interests of the Roman Catholic Church in the German Empire.

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29
Q

Where did the Centre Party appeal?

A

Due to it being a religion-based party, their appeal crossed class and occupational factors.

It was supported by different people across all sectors.

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30
Q

How did the broad based appeal of the Centre Party help democracy?

A

It made the party more flexible and pragmatic than others.

31
Q

What issues were there due to the Centre Party having a broad based appeal?

A

It sometimes caused divisions over social and economic issues.

32
Q

What party was vital to the survival of the Weimar Republic and was involved in every coalition government?

A

The Centre Party.

33
Q

What important leadership change was there in the Centre Party in 1928?

A

Heinrich Bruning took over from Wilhelm Marx, reflecting a growing drift to the right.

This was because Bruning was less committed to parliamentary democracy.

34
Q

Why was the liberal DDP in decline by the mid-1920s?

A

Its appeal was mainly academics, with its members being worthy intellectuals rather than politically experienced.

It was also continually suffering with internal disputes, and it was never particularly clear what views it stood for.

35
Q

How were the DVP and DDP similar?

A

They were both committed to parliamentary democracy and were involved in all the coalition cabinets of the period.

36
Q

Who supported the DVP?

A

There was support among academics but most support came from industrialists.

37
Q

What leading politician did the DVP provide between 1924 and 29?

A

Gustav Stresemann.

38
Q

What happened to the DVP after Stresemann’s death in 1929?

A

The party drifted right and increasingly became a narrow pressure group promoting the interests of big business.

39
Q

What type of party were the DNVP?

A

A conservative, nationalist party who were against democracy.

40
Q

How had the DNVP broadened its appeal in the 1920s?

A

It had extended from the base amongst landowners to industrialists, professional groups and some industrial workers.

41
Q

What were the main aims of the DNVP?

A

To restore the monarchy and dismantle the Treaty of Versailles.

42
Q

What did the growing diversity of the DNVP lead to?

A

The DNVP previously refused to join coalitions as they were anti-Weimar, but the newer and younger members were willing to compromise with democratic parties.

43
Q

What happened to the DNVP in the 1928 Reichstag election?

A

Their support fell and so they returned to their anti-democratic ways.

44
Q

Who was chosen as DNVP leader in 1928 and what did this mean?

A

Hugenburg, reflecting how they’d returned to their blind opposition of the Weimar Republic.

Hugenburg was the one who led the DNVP into alliance with the Nazis in the campaign against the Young Plan.

45
Q

What happened to the Nazi Party after the failure of the Munich Putsch in 1923?

A

They entered a period of decline, but also of reevaluation.

46
Q

What book did Hitler write in prison?

A

Mein Kampf.

47
Q

What conclusion did Hitler come to whilst in prison regarding the Nazis’ tactics?

A

That the route to power was not though an armed overthrow of the Republic, but rather to win mass support.

48
Q

What did Hitler do when released early from prison and what problems did he face with this?

A

He set about rebuilding the Nazi Party, but he was not allowed to speak in public until 1927.

49
Q

What did Hitler do during the years he could not speak publically?

A

He used the time to assert his undisputed control over the Nazi Party.

50
Q

How many members did the Nazi Party have at the end of 1927?

A

Only 75,000.

51
Q

What key decision was made for the Nazi Party in 1928?

A

The Nazis began to concentrate their efforts in rural areas, mainly Protestant north Germany.

52
Q

How did the Nazis do in the 1928 Reichstag election?

A

They did badly across most of the country, losing 100,000 votes but in rural areas their vote was as high as 18%.

53
Q

How much had the Nazi Party’s membership grown to by October 1929?

A

150,000.

54
Q

Where did the KPD have support?

A

In important industrial and port areas such as the Ruhr, Saxony and Hamburg.

They also had support in Berlin.

55
Q

What was the KPD dedicated to?

A

Overthrowing the Weimar Republic.

56
Q

What organisation were the KPD apart of and what did this mean?

A

The Comintern, meaning their policies and tactics were dictated by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

57
Q

What happened to the KPD in 1923 at the height of hyperinflation and what did this result in?

A

They were summoned to Moscow to be instructed to launch a communist revolt.

This led to communist uprisings in Saxony and Hamburg which were ruthlessly suppressed by the army.

58
Q

What had Soviet leadership instructed the KPD to do after 1924?

A

They stated that opportunity for communist revolution had passed and that their new main priority was to attack the SPD.

59
Q

How did the KPD portray the SPD?

A

As ‘social-fascists’, continuously painting them as the party that betrayed the working class.

60
Q

What did the divisions between the KPD and SPD as working class parties mean?

A

That the anti-Nazi forces were weakened.

61
Q

When did President Ebert die?

A

28th February 1925.

62
Q

How did Ebert’s successor have to be chosen?

A

Through national election, where they’d have to win more than 50% of the vote or it’d go to another round of voting.

63
Q

How many candidates were there during the first round of the 1925 presidential election?

A

7.
- Karl Jarres for the right (DVP + DNVP)
- Otto Braun for the SPD
- Wilhelm Marx for the Centre
- Ernst Thalmann for the KPD
- Erich Ludendorff for the Nazis

64
Q

Who won the most votes in the first round of the 1925 presidential election?

A

Jarres for the right, but not enough to be an outright winner.

65
Q

How many candidates were there in the second round of the 1925 presidential election?

A

Just 3:
- Hindenburg
- Marx
- Thalmann

66
Q

Who did the right change their 1925 candidate to?

A

Paul von Hindenburg, instead of Jarres.

67
Q

What did the SPD calculate in the second round of the 1925 presidential election?

A

That Marx had a better chance of winning against Hindenburg than their candidate Braun did, so they advised their supporters to vote Centre.

68
Q

What were the results of the second round of the 1925 presidential election?

A

The left vote was split due to Thalmann’s entry, and so Hindenburg won with 48% to Marc’s 45%, Thalmann had just 6%.

69
Q

Why was Hindenburg admired by the right?

A

Because he was a symbol of the past with his military uniform, war medals and authoritarian views.

70
Q

What did the right regard Hindenburg’s election as?

A

The beginning of the restoration of the old order, with many seeing him as the Ersatzkaiser (substitute emperor).

71
Q

What did Hindenburg say when he took his presidential oath?

A

He appealed for all the parties in the Reichstag to work with him in restoring national unity.

72
Q

How did Hindenburg rule?

A

He stuck closely to the Weimar constitution, and did not abuse powers.

73
Q

What happened to Hindenburg by the 1930s?

A

He had become increasingly impatient with the political parties continuously searching for their own gain and not putting national interests at their forefront, especially in a time of serious economic crisis.

74
Q

What did Hindenburg do in response to his growing frustration with the parties?

A

He began to use his powers to rule by decree on a routine basis.

nazis; the golden age of the weimar republic (6 decks)

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