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Political Science > Political Cleavages > Flashcards

Political Cleavages Flashcards

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1
Q

What are cleavages?

A

A clear division, a social conflict

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2
Q

Characteristics of cleavages

A
  1. Social Division: 2 groups need to be distinguished
  2. Collective Identity: act on the group aim’s basis
  3. Institutionally Represented
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3
Q

Types
Centre Periphery

A

· Origin: state formation
· Centre: standardise laws
· Periphery: preserve autonomy & local essence
Spain: ECR / Basque National Party
UK: SNP

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4
Q

Types
Church State

A

· Origin: state formation
· Catholics: follow the Pope by creating an environment to prevent state penetration
· Protestants: part of the state’s agents (doing what the state wants religiously)
NL: CDA
Germany: Christian Democratic/Social Union (CDU/CSU)
Italy: DC

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5
Q

Types
Rural Urban

A

· Origin: industrial revolution
· Rural: agriculture
· Urban: urbanisationn
NL: BBB
Poland: PLP

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6
Q

Types
Class

A

· Origin: industrial revolution
· WC: rights and better conditions
· MD: exploit and get benefits
In states where the government acted for the working class (socialist parties)
UK: Labour
NL: PvdA
Spain: PSOE
Germany: Social Dem. Party

In states where the government didn’t act for the working class
(communist/left parties)
Spain: Podemos
NL: SP
Germany: DieLinke

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7
Q

By what are Party Systems influenced?

A

By cleavages and electoral systems

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8
Q

Party Families (3)

A

Help to identify/classify parties within the political system based on
1. Origin
2. Cooperation
3. Ideology

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9
Q

Within the Left-Right Dimension parties are position based on

A

Economic
- left: state intervention (higher taxes)
- right: no state intervention (privatisation)

Culture
- liberal: promotion of rights
- authoritarian: the state controlling rights

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10
Q

How is a party’s position calculated?

A

It is calculated based on the degree of fragmentation (to what extent are parties present in the systems) and the degree of polarisation (ideological distance)

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11
Q

Types of systems (3)

A

2 party system: UK (2 main political parties)
Multiparty system: many parties within the political landscape (Spain)
Polarised Multiparty system: many parties and clear division between left-right (Sweden)

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12
Q

Developments of the state (4)

A
  1. Welfare state
  2. Mobility
  3. Communication
  4. Education
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13
Q

What is Realignment?

A

When a system realigns its values due to a shift in patterns
*ongoing debate as for whether realignment is caused by globalisation or voting behaviour

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14
Q

Realignment & PM

A

PM has reinforced realignment since there is an increase in social, environmental and cultural importance
· younger generations don’t grow up with war threats
· greater stability and materials
· increase in cognitive mobility
green parties

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15
Q

Downsides of Realignment & PM (3)

A
  1. values fluctuate over time
  2. PM values result from education
  3. Is the model measuring values or the cultural dimension?
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16
Q

Electoral Realignment

A

Occurs when voters change their behaviour and vote for other parties.
- creation and collapse of parties

17
Q

Globalisation & Realignment

A

It has led to a greater interconnected and open world BUT
- increased immigration
- shift in traditional cultures
- winners vs losers

18
Q

What is Dealignment?

A

Is the change in loyalties in voters leading to a decrease in participatory voting.
- voters don’t identify with parties

19
Q

Causes to Dealignment (3)

A
  1. Increased cognitive mobilisation has eroded old attachments without creating new ones
  2. Critical citizens approaching politics more confidently
  3. Communication / SM
20
Q

What are Valence Voters?

A

Those who choose a party/candidate based on performance

21
Q

What are Floating Voters?

A

Those who don’t identify with a party are more likely to shift votes.

22
Q

Types of voters & democracy

A

Yes: increases democratic accountability, engages voters and responsiveness from political parties

NO: parties manipulate voters, populism

Political Science (8 decks)

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