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russia: section 1 (1855-1894) > political authority in action > Flashcards

political authority in action Flashcards

1
Q

russification

A

forcing everyone within the russian empire to think of themselves as ‘russian’, by enforcing the russian language and culture

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2
Q

chauvinism

A
  • exaggerated belief in national superiority and glory
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3
Q

pogrom

A

an old russian word which means ‘round up’ or lynching, it originally denoted an assault by one ethnic group on another but after 1881 it gained the special connotation of an attack on jewish people

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4
Q

how much of the population did the slavs, ukrainians and belorussians compromise?

A

2/3 population

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5
Q

where did the ethnic cultures live in russia?

A
  • finns, estonians, latvians, lithuanians lived in the north of european russia
  • lutheran germans lived in the baltic area
  • catholic poles and many jews lived in the west
  • ukrainians in the south and south-west
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6
Q

what was the muslim population by 1900?

A

ten million

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7
Q

why was a culturally diverse population a problem to autocracy?

A
  • encouraged developments of national ideology
  • polish nationalists had resurfaced
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8
Q

examples of nationalist pressure

A
  • polish rebellion 1830
  • finnish language pressure group 1840
  • ukrainians founded the ‘brotherhood of saints cyril and methodius’
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9
Q

what was the ‘brotherhood of saints cyril and methodius’ set up to achieve?

A
  • ukrainians wanted to separate ukrainian slavs from russian counterparts
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10
Q

details of the polish rebellion under alexander ii

A
  • 1863
  • more than 200k poles tried to make an underground national government for poland
  • used guerrilla warfare
  • crushed in 1864
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11
Q

guerrilla warfare

A
  • form of fighting conducted by groups of soldiers and armed civilians
  • use methods like ambushes, sabotage and raids rather than fighting conventionally
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12
Q

how did alexander ii oppress ethnic minority nationalists?

A
  • used concessions
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13
Q

concessions meaning and examples of alexander ii using them

A
  • granting a request in response to a demand
  • decrees of 1864 and 1875 latvians and estonians were allowed to revert to lutheranism, where previously orthodoxy had been demanded
  • allowed finns to have their own diet (parliament)
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14
Q
A
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15
Q

examples of increased ethnic minority nationalism towards the end of alexander ii

A
  • growing intolerance of national indifferences from tsars ministers
  • led to the prohibition of the ukrainian language in publications and performances in 1876
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16
Q

lutheranism

A

a form of christianity based on the teachings of 16th century german martin luther

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17
Q

which minister was involved with Russification?

A

pobedonostev

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18
Q

how many cases of resistance to tsardom was there in 1888?

A

332 cases

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19
Q

how did alexander iii deal with polish nationalists in economic/political terms?

A
  • polish national bank closed 1885
  • independent postal service abolished
  • russian coinage replaced their currency
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20
Q

how did alexander iii deal with polish nationalists in language terms?

A
  • use of russian demanded
  • railway announcements in russian
21
Q

how did alexander iii deal with polish nationalists in cultural terms?

A
  • literature had to be studied in russian translation
  • all subjects had to be in russian
22
Q

how did alexander iii deal with polish nationalists in religious terms?

A
  • catholic monasteries closed and catholic priest influence was limited
  • incentives for non-catholic settlement
23
Q

how did alexander iii deal with finnish nationalists in political/economic terms?

A
  • diet/parliament organised to weaken political influence
24
Q

how did alexander iii deal with finnish nationalists in terms of language?

A
  • russian language demanded
25
how did alexander iii deal with finnish nationalists in cultural terms?
- russian coinage replaced local currency - postal service abolished
26
how did alexander iii deal with the baltic nationalists in terms of language?
- russian in all state offices, elementary and secondary school, police and judiciary systems too - germans unis were russified
27
how did alexander iii deal with the baltic nationalists in terms of culture?
- orthodox domed cathedrals built in Tallin and Riga
28
how did alexander iii deal with the baltic nationalists in terms of religion?
- 37k lutherans converted to orthodoxy
29
how did alexander iii deal with the ukrainian, belorussian and georgian nationalists in political/economic terms?
- uprisings mercifully suppressed - georgian 1892 - military service extended to exempt areas to prevent national groupings
30
how did alexander iii deal with the ukrainian, belorussian and georgian nationalists in terms of language?
- further laws limited the use of ukrainian language 1883
31
how did alexander iii deal with the ukrainian, belorussian and georgian nationalists in terms of culture?
- ukrainian theatres closed 1884 - ukrainians to join the army
32
how did alexander iii deal with the asian nationalists in terms of religion?
- worked to convert ‘heathans and muslims’ - included forced mass baptisms - 100k muslims converted to orthodox church
33
results of russification
- 1888, 332 cases of mass disturbance in 61 out of russias 92 provinces and districts. in 51 of these cases, the military was deployed - particular resentment from the educated and wealthier finns, poles, and baltic germans - some ethnic schools survived (polish)
34
what was the jewish population in russia?
5 million
35
where did most of the jews live?
the pale of settlement
36
what is the pale of settlement?
- compromised 20% of european russia - where the majority of jewish people lived - some jews allowed to live outside of the pale
37
where did antisemitism exist and why?
- among poorer civilisations - hated the orthodox church teachings and resented their money-lending and personal riches
38
what encouraged the growth of anti-semitism under alexander ii?
- alexander ii allowed wealthier jews to settle outside of the pale - was frightened by the polish revolt 1863 and withdrew concessions - reduced jewish participation in town government
39
what sayings did pobedonostev use that were anti-semitic?
- ‘beat the yids - save russia’ - ‘ one third should emigrate, one third die, and one third assimilate’ assimilate = converted
40
when and were did jewish pogroms break out? why did they break out?
- april 1881 - yelizavetgrad in ukraine - maybe because of business competition, for lucrative railway contracts - but also probable they were encouraged by the okhrana
41
where else did pogroms spread to?
- kiev and odessa
42
what did jews do in reaction to the pogroms?
- fled to the border of western europe
43
what did the pogroms entail of?
- jewish property burnt, shops and businesses destroyed and incidences of rape and murder
44
what did the may laws do and when were they?
- 1882 - condemned jews to living in ghettoes in cities and towns
45
what did a separate decree do about jews?
- 1882 - decreased the number of jewish doctors permitted in the russian army - as doctors possessed the rights of army officers (a privilege unattainable for jews) - supposed to be temporary, but were constantly revised and tightened
46
how many laws were there against jews?
ten
47
what was the impact of antisemitism?
- many jews left the country following the pogroms - many forcibly expelled
48
details of deportation of jews
- in 1890, foreign jews and russian jews who lived outside the pale were deported - 1891 to 1892 10k jewish artisans expelled from moscow - grand duke sergei forced 20k jews from city during passover and closed down a newly built synagogue

russia: section 1 (1855-1894) (6 decks)

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