economic and social developments Flashcards
1
Q
what changes were made to state involvement in the economy following emancipation? who produced them?
A
- mikhail von reutern (minster of finance)
- establishment of a state bank 1860, municipal banks 1862 and savings bank 1869
- trade promoted with introduction of import duties from 1863
- foreign investment encouraged with government guaranteed annual dividend
- government subsides offered to enable private entrenpeneurs to develop railways
2
Q
when was mikhail von reutern minister of finance?
A
1862 to 1878
3
Q
during von reuterns return in office, what was the annual growth rate?
A
6%
4
Q
examples of developments in new industry
A
- oil extraction began in caspian sea port of baku in 1871
- ironworks set up in donetsk in 1872
5
Q
examples of russias weak economy
A
- third all expenditure on the repayments of debt
- rouble varying in value
- 66% government revenue came from indirect taxation
6
Q
what is the problem with the majority of government revenue being from indirect taxation?
A
- it kept the peasantry poor and the domestic market smaller
7
Q
what were the aims of raising tariffs? who by? what were the details?
A
- designed to boost home production
- to help the iron industry of southern russia as well as the development of industrial machinery
- ivan vyshnegradsky
- in 1887, 30% tariff on value of raw materials
8
Q
by the 1980s, what percentage of the population were the urban working class?
A
- 2%
9
Q
what did kulaks do for profit?
A
- would buy grain from poorer peasants in autumn and sell it back for profit in the spring
10
Q
what was industrialisation driven by?
A
- the state
- von reutern’s reforms
11
Q
strengths of von reutern’s reforms
A
- encouraged investment and enterprise
- railway network expanded markedly
- developments in oil and coal extraction, iron mining and iron working
- annual average growth rate of 6%
12
Q
limitations of von reutern’s reforms
A
- russia’s economy remained comparatively weak
- third all gov expenditure went on repayments of debts
- russian currency remained unstable
- tariff reductions led to a decline in government revenues
- peasantry was still poor and domestic market remained small
13
Q
when was vyshnegradsky finance minister
A
- 1887 to 1892
14
Q
what did vyshnegradsky do as finance minister?
A
- introduced a high tariff of 30% on raw materials
- negotiated loans and increased indirect taxes
- mounted a drive to swell grain exports
15
Q
success of vyshnegradsky as finance minister
A
- grain exports increased by 18%
- russian budget in surplus by 1892
16
Q
failures of vyshnegradsky as finance minister
A
- peasants suffered badly
- had to pay taxes and give grain to the state
- no reserve stores for the winter
- famine of 1892 because of bad harvests
17
Q
when was witte finance minister?
A
- 1892 to 1903
18
Q
what did witte do as finance minister?
A
- maintained protective tariffs, heavy taxation and forced exports
- increased foreign investment
- encouraged engineers, managers and workers from western europe to oversee industrial developments and advise on planning and techniques
19
Q
successes of witte as finance minister
A
- fourth largest industrial economy
- exports and foreign trade increased
20
Q
failures as witte as finance minister
A
- only exported grain rather than industrial goods
21
Q
young russia
A
- group of students
- published manifesto ‘bloody and merciless revolution’
- 1862
22
Q
tchaikovsky circle
A
- 1869-1869
- literary society, published revolutionary nature
- sought social revolution
- 1872 organised workers to work with peasants
23
Q
emancipation of labour
A
- prolateriat to drive socialist revolution then bourgeoise to destroy autocracy
- plenkanhov established 1883
- arranged marxist books to be smuggled to russia
24
Q
famine 1891 to 1892
A
- affected 17 of 39 provinces
- long summer that ruined crops
- population that was weakened by hunger became susceptible to disease
- cholera and typhoid were the main diseases
- 350,000 died from starvation or disease
- gov failed to organise adequate relief
- volunteer groups had to help the stricken peasants
25
stats of foreign investment 1880, 1890 and 1895 in millions of roubles
1880 = 98
1890 = 215
1895 = 280
26
what did investment by witte go into?
- mining
- metal trades
- oil
- banking
27
were was russia in terms of largest economies by 1897?
- fourth largest
28
stat for russian railway expansion
- mid 1890s, 60% railway system owned by the state
29
when were the peasants and nobles land banks?
- peasants = 1883
- nobles = 1885
30
land banks
- held funds and reserves of land
- nobles land bank = to help nobles with the costs involved in land transfer and in land development schemes
- interest rates kept deliberately low
- helped to increase peasant ownership
- helped to prop up inefficient farms
31
increase of peasant land ownership
- between 1877 and 1905 over 26 million hectares passed into peasant ownership
32
grain production in 1880s in comparison to uk and germany
russia = 45
uk and germany = 146
(puds per desiatin)
33
rye production in comparison to france and usa in 1880s
russia = 54
france and usa = 68
(puds per desiatin)
34
position of the landed elite after emancipation
- personal landholdings considerable declined
- some sold to pay of debt and others abandoned farming in favour of professionalism
35
examples of landed elite becoming professionals
- 1882, 700 + nobles owned own businesses in moscow
- nearly 2500 employed in commerce, transport or industry
36
37
overall chaneg of landed elite after emancipation
- most former serf owners retained much of previous wealth
- society remained highly stratified
38
factory ownership growth
- most private industrial enterprises were in the hands of the hereditary nobility
- some non-nobles started to be factory owners
- a reason in why disregard for workers rights became more prominent
39
emergence of a middle class
- bankers, doctors, teachers, administrators
- a result of growing industrialisation and urbanisation
- numbers added to no more than 1 million in 1897 census
- gov contracted to built railways, state loans to set up factories
40
state involvement in emerging a middle class
- gov contracts to build railways and state loans for setting up factories
- gave more opportunities for management positions or set up as workshop owners and traders
41
stat for peasant migration to st petersburg
- 1864
- 1 in 3 that lived in st petersburg were peasants by birth
42
workers welfare legislation
- 1882 to 1890 reforms
- regulation of child labour
- reduction in working hours (hours worked by women at night, 5 1/2 days a week)
- reduction in excessive fines
- payment in kind
- appointment of inspectors to check upon working conditions
- did very little in improving conditions
43
payment in kind
- payment in goods and services, such as accommodation rather than wages
44
how many strikes were there in 1886 and 1894?
- illegal to strike
- around 33
45
what did kulaks do after emancipation?
- bought land with help of loans from peasant land bank
- employed labour and acted as ‘pawn brokers’ to the less fortunate
- would buy grain in autumn and then would sell it back at inflated prices in the spring
- when clients couldn’t afford, they would take land instead
46
position of poorer peasants after emancipation
- zemstvo survey in 1880s showed 2 in 3 former serfs in tambov region unable to feed household without falling into debt
- state owned better off than privately owned
- large population of peasantry turned down from military as unfit
- mortality rates higher than any other european country
- life expectancy 27 for males and 29 for females, compared to england where it was 45
- therefore economic change affected them for the worse
47
detials of conversion of religion through russification
- more than 8,500 muslims and 50,000 pagans converted to orthodoxy
- 40,000 catholics and lutherans in poland and baltic provinces
48
influence of orthodoxy
- control over lives began to weaken
- provision of churches and priests had not kept pace with growth of urbanisation
- seemed to have little relevance over urban workers, who were more attracted by teachings of socialism
- superstition in the countryside had stronger influence compared to orthodox priests
- some liberal clergy wanted to reform church, silenced by conservatives like pobdonostev (over-procurator)
49
old believers
- group rejected reforms to orthodox liturgy
- led to siberia to escape persecution
50
uniate church
- recognises pope as head of the church but observes the rites of the orthodox church
51
armenian church
- own hierarchy and non-orthodox practices
