Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Epidemiology > Polio > Flashcards

Polio Flashcards

1
Q

acute viral disease primarily infecting the alimentary canal and occasionally targeting the CNS with or without paralysis

A

polio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

first polio outbreak described in U.S.

A

1843

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how many paralytic cases reported in the U. S. in 1952

A

21,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

symptom / clinical manifestation of polio

A
  • acute onset of flaccid paralysis
  • unapparent infection
  • non-specific febrile illness
  • aseptic meningitis
  • paralytic disease
  • death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ratio of cases of unapparent infection to paralytic disease

A

ranges from 100:1 to 1000:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

phases of acute poliomyelitis can be distinguished as

A
  • non-specific febrile illness (minor illness)

- followed by in a small proportion aseptic meningitis and or paralytic disease (major illness)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

three serotypes of poliovirus

A

leon berlinhide and lansing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

countries with partial immunisation

A
  • wild polio virus is largely replaced by vaccine virus in the environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

countries with almost total immunization coverage

A
  • polio is becoming rare however sporadic cases do occur rarely
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what percentage of polio cases are asymptomatic

A

90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

when and how many countries in the americas were certified polio free

A

1994 & 36 countries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

when and how many countries in the western pacific were certified polio free

A

2000 & 37 countries and areas including china

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

when and how many countries in the europe were certified polio free

A

June 2002 51 countries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

which virus group does the causative agent of polio belong too

A

picorna viruses which are small RNA-containing viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

the commonest serotype in epidemics

A

type 1 : leon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

the prevailing type in endemic areas

A

type II : berlinhide

endemic :infection is said to be endemic in a population when that infection is constantly maintained at a baseline level in a geographic area without external inputs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

occasionally causes epidemics

A

type III : lansing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

reservoir of polio infection

A

man is the only reservoir of infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

permanent carriers are

A

unknown / unheard of in polio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

modes of transmission polio virus

A

vector borne includes house flies and cockroaches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

incubation period for wild cases and vaccine-associated (recipient) cases

A

7 - 14 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

incubation period for vaccine-associated (recipient) cases

A

up to 35 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

incubation period for contact cases

A

up to 60 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

infectious period of poliomyelitis

A

7 to 10 days before & after the onset of symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

when do maternal antibodies disappear in an infant

A

during the 1st 6 months of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

paralytic polio includes

A

spinal polio
bulbs polio
bulbospinal polio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

majority of clinical cases are

A

abortive polio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q
  • mild systemic manifestation for one or two days only
  • manifestations clear up giving immunity
  • moderate fever
  • URT manifestations pharyngitis and sore throat
  • GIT manifestations: vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea
A

abortive polio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q
  • nausea vomiting and abdominal pain
  • signs of meningeal irritation (meningism).
  • aseptic meningitis with pain and stiffness in neck back and limbs
A

non-paralytic polio aka pre paralytic stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q
  • irritability

- destruction involves the motor nerve cells and not the sensory nerve cells

A

Paralytic poliomyelitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

when does paralysis start to show in paralytic poliomyelitis

A

within 4 days after the pre paralytic stage usually 7-10 days from onset of disease

32
Q

spinal polio

A
  • different spinal nerves are involved.
  • due to injury of the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord, causes:
    tenderness & weakness
    flaccid paralysis of the corresponding striated
    muscles
  • lower limbs are the most commonly affected.
33
Q

bulbar polio

A
  • nuclei of cranial nerves are involved, causing weakness of the supplied muscles, and may be encephalitis
  • dysphagia
  • nasal voice
  • fluid regurgitation from the nose
  • difficult chewing
  • facial weakness and diplopia
34
Q

bulbar polio

A
  • nuclei of cranial nerves are involved, causing weakness of the supplied muscles, and may be encephalitis
  • dysphagia
  • nasal voice
  • fluid regurgitation from the nose
  • difficult chewing
  • facial weakness and diplopia
  • paralysis of the muscles of respiration is the most
35
Q

which nerves are affected in bulbar polio

A
  • weakness in muscles innervated by the
    - trigeminal (V),
    - glosso-pharyngeal (IX)
    - accessory nerves (XI). These nerves control the muscles in the neck and tongue and the muscles used for swallowing
36
Q

active immunisation of polio includes

A

salk vaccine & sabin vaccine

37
Q

intramuscular polio trivalent killed vaccine

A

salk vaccine

38
Q

oral polio trivalent live attenuated vaccine

A

sabin vaccine

39
Q

inactive polio vaccine contains how many serotypes

A

3

40
Q

inactive polio vaccine cells are grown on

A

monkey kidney (vero) cells

41
Q

inactive polio vaccine is inactivated with

A

formaldehyde

42
Q

contains 2-phenoxyethanol neomycin streptomycin polmyxin B

A

inactive polio vaccine

43
Q

killed formalised virus (inactivated (killed) poliovirus strains of all three poliovirus type)

A

IPV Inactivated Polio Vaccine (Salk)

44
Q

given subcutaneous or intramuscularly

A

IPV Inactivated Polio Vaccine (Salk)

45
Q

induces circulating antibodies, but not local (intestinal immunity)

A

IPV Inactivated Polio Vaccine (Salk)

46
Q

prevents paralysis but does not prevent reinfection

A

IPV Inactivated Polio Vaccine (Salk)

47
Q

not useful in controlling epidemics

A

IPV Inactivated Polio Vaccine (Salk)

48
Q

more difficult to manufacture and is expensive

A

IPV Inactivated Polio Vaccine (Salk)

49
Q

does not require stringent conditions during storage and transportation

A

IPV Inactivated Polio Vaccine (Salk)

50
Q

has a long shelf life

A

IPV Inactivated Polio Vaccine (Salk)

51
Q

live attenuated virus

A

OPV Oral Polio Vaccine (Sabin)

52
Q

given orally

A

OPV Oral Polio Vaccine (Sabin)

53
Q

immunity is both humoral and intestinal induces antibody

quickly

A

OPV Oral Polio Vaccine (Sabin)

54
Q

prevents paralysis and prevents reinfection

A

OPV Oral Polio Vaccine (Sabin)

55
Q

can be effectively used in controlling epidemics

A

OPV Oral Polio Vaccine (Sabin)

56
Q

easy to manufacture and is cheap

A

OPV Oral Polio Vaccine (Sabin)

57
Q

requires to be stored and transported at subzero temperatures, and is damaged easily

A

OPV Oral Polio Vaccine (Sabin)

58
Q

vaccine adverse reaction of IPV

A
  • no serious reactions have been documented

- rare local reactions

59
Q

vaccine adverse reaction of OPV

A
  • diarrhoea anorexia vomiting
  • sensitivity to the component ( neo, strepto )
  • vaccine associated paralytic poliomyelitis ( rare )
  • A gammaglobulinaemia
60
Q

class 1 disease under surveillance by WHO

A

polio with paralytic case

61
Q

last case of polio in the U.S.

A

in 1979

62
Q

western hemisphere certified polio free

A

in 1994

63
Q

in 1789 british physician that provided the first clinical description of polio referring to it as “debility of the lower extremities.”

A

Michael Underwood

64
Q

in 1840 german physician that published a 78-page monograph in 1840 which not only describes the clinical features of the disease, but also notes that its symptoms suggest the involvement of the spinal cord.

A

Jacob von Heine

65
Q

in 1908 austrian physicians that made the first hypothesis that polio may be caused by a virus

A

Karl Landsteiner and Erwin Popper

66
Q

In 1908 discovered a filterable agent as the cause of poliomyelitis

A

Karl Landsteiner & Erwin Popper

67
Q

manage to pass the disease monkey to monkey to find antibodies.

A

Simon Flexner & Paul Lewis

68
Q

found antibodies in human convalescents in 1908

A

Arnold Netter & Constantin Levaditti

69
Q

demonstrated neutralizing antibodies in monkey serum against active virus

A

Levaditti & Landsteiner

70
Q

in 1931 demonstrated polio serotypes

A

Frank Mcfarland Burnet & Jean MacNamara

71
Q

In 1936 cultured poliovirus in embryonic nervous cells.

A

Albert Sabin & Peter Olitsky

72
Q

In 1949 grew the virus in muscle cells (fibroblasts) human embryonic skin cells, connective tissue cells, intestine and nervous cells, winning the Nobel Prize in 1954.

A

John Enders Thomas Weller & Frederick C. Robbins

73
Q

polio virus for production grows in

A

non nervous cells. 


74
Q

from 1906-93 pioneering researcher on viruses and viral diseases who developed the oral live-virus vaccine against polio.

A

Sabin, Albert

75
Q

contains harmless attenuated polio virus.

A

Sabin

76
Q

which vaccine is preferred

A

Sabin

77
Q

albert sabin

A

polish

Epidemiology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions