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Epidemiology > Polio > Flashcards

Polio Flashcards

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1
Q

acute viral disease primarily infecting the alimentary canal and occasionally targeting the CNS with or without paralysis

A

polio

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2
Q

first polio outbreak described in U.S.

A

1843

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3
Q

how many paralytic cases reported in the U. S. in 1952

A

21,000

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4
Q

symptom / clinical manifestation of polio

A
  • acute onset of flaccid paralysis
  • unapparent infection
  • non-specific febrile illness
  • aseptic meningitis
  • paralytic disease
  • death
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5
Q

ratio of cases of unapparent infection to paralytic disease

A

ranges from 100:1 to 1000:1

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6
Q

phases of acute poliomyelitis can be distinguished as

A
  • non-specific febrile illness (minor illness)

- followed by in a small proportion aseptic meningitis and or paralytic disease (major illness)

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7
Q

three serotypes of poliovirus

A

leon berlinhide and lansing

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8
Q

countries with partial immunisation

A
  • wild polio virus is largely replaced by vaccine virus in the environment
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9
Q

countries with almost total immunization coverage

A
  • polio is becoming rare however sporadic cases do occur rarely
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10
Q

what percentage of polio cases are asymptomatic

A

90%

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11
Q

when and how many countries in the americas were certified polio free

A

1994 & 36 countries

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12
Q

when and how many countries in the western pacific were certified polio free

A

2000 & 37 countries and areas including china

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13
Q

when and how many countries in the europe were certified polio free

A

June 2002 51 countries

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14
Q

which virus group does the causative agent of polio belong too

A

picorna viruses which are small RNA-containing viruses

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15
Q

the commonest serotype in epidemics

A

type 1 : leon

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16
Q

the prevailing type in endemic areas

A

type II : berlinhide

endemic :infection is said to be endemic in a population when that infection is constantly maintained at a baseline level in a geographic area without external inputs

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17
Q

occasionally causes epidemics

A

type III : lansing

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18
Q

reservoir of polio infection

A

man is the only reservoir of infection

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19
Q

permanent carriers are

A

unknown / unheard of in polio

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20
Q

modes of transmission polio virus

A

vector borne includes house flies and cockroaches

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21
Q

incubation period for wild cases and vaccine-associated (recipient) cases

A

7 - 14 days

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22
Q

incubation period for vaccine-associated (recipient) cases

A

up to 35 days

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23
Q

incubation period for contact cases

A

up to 60 days

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24
Q

infectious period of poliomyelitis

A

7 to 10 days before & after the onset of symptoms

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25
when do maternal antibodies disappear in an infant
during the 1st 6 months of life
26
paralytic polio includes
spinal polio bulbs polio bulbospinal polio
27
majority of clinical cases are
abortive polio
28
- mild systemic manifestation for one or two days only - manifestations clear up giving immunity - moderate fever - URT manifestations pharyngitis and sore throat - GIT manifestations: vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea
abortive polio
29
- nausea vomiting and abdominal pain - signs of meningeal irritation (meningism). - aseptic meningitis with pain and stiffness in neck back and limbs
non-paralytic polio aka pre paralytic stage
30
- irritability | - destruction involves the motor nerve cells and not the sensory nerve cells
Paralytic poliomyelitis
31
when does paralysis start to show in paralytic poliomyelitis
within 4 days after the pre paralytic stage usually 7-10 days from onset of disease
32
spinal polio
- different spinal nerves are involved. - due to injury of the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord, causes: tenderness & weakness flaccid paralysis of the corresponding striated muscles - lower limbs are the most commonly affected.
33
bulbar polio
- nuclei of cranial nerves are involved, causing weakness of the supplied muscles, and may be encephalitis - dysphagia - nasal voice - fluid regurgitation from the nose - difficult chewing - facial weakness and diplopia
34
bulbar polio
- nuclei of cranial nerves are involved, causing weakness of the supplied muscles, and may be encephalitis - dysphagia - nasal voice - fluid regurgitation from the nose - difficult chewing - facial weakness and diplopia - paralysis of the muscles of respiration is the most
35
which nerves are affected in bulbar polio
- weakness in muscles innervated by the - trigeminal (V), - glosso-pharyngeal (IX) - accessory nerves (XI). These nerves control the muscles in the neck and tongue and the muscles used for swallowing
36
active immunisation of polio includes
salk vaccine & sabin vaccine
37
intramuscular polio trivalent killed vaccine
salk vaccine
38
oral polio trivalent live attenuated vaccine
sabin vaccine
39
inactive polio vaccine contains how many serotypes
3
40
inactive polio vaccine cells are grown on
monkey kidney (vero) cells
41
inactive polio vaccine is inactivated with
formaldehyde
42
contains 2-phenoxyethanol neomycin streptomycin polmyxin B
inactive polio vaccine
43
killed formalised virus (inactivated (killed) poliovirus strains of all three poliovirus type)
IPV Inactivated Polio Vaccine (Salk)
44
given subcutaneous or intramuscularly
IPV Inactivated Polio Vaccine (Salk)
45
induces circulating antibodies, but not local (intestinal immunity)
IPV Inactivated Polio Vaccine (Salk)
46
prevents paralysis but does not prevent reinfection
IPV Inactivated Polio Vaccine (Salk)
47
not useful in controlling epidemics
IPV Inactivated Polio Vaccine (Salk)
48
more difficult to manufacture and is expensive
IPV Inactivated Polio Vaccine (Salk)
49
does not require stringent conditions during storage and transportation
IPV Inactivated Polio Vaccine (Salk)
50
has a long shelf life
IPV Inactivated Polio Vaccine (Salk)
51
live attenuated virus
OPV Oral Polio Vaccine (Sabin)
52
given orally
OPV Oral Polio Vaccine (Sabin)
53
immunity is both humoral and intestinal induces antibody | quickly
OPV Oral Polio Vaccine (Sabin)
54
prevents paralysis and prevents reinfection
OPV Oral Polio Vaccine (Sabin)
55
can be effectively used in controlling epidemics
OPV Oral Polio Vaccine (Sabin)
56
easy to manufacture and is cheap
OPV Oral Polio Vaccine (Sabin)
57
requires to be stored and transported at subzero temperatures, and is damaged easily
OPV Oral Polio Vaccine (Sabin)
58
vaccine adverse reaction of IPV
- no serious reactions have been documented | - rare local reactions
59
vaccine adverse reaction of OPV
- diarrhoea anorexia vomiting - sensitivity to the component ( neo, strepto ) - vaccine associated paralytic poliomyelitis ( rare ) - A gammaglobulinaemia
60
class 1 disease under surveillance by WHO
polio with paralytic case
61
last case of polio in the U.S.
in 1979
62
western hemisphere certified polio free
in 1994
63
in 1789 british physician that provided the first clinical description of polio referring to it as "debility of the lower extremities."
Michael Underwood
64
in 1840 german physician that published a 78-page monograph in 1840 which not only describes the clinical features of the disease, but also notes that its symptoms suggest the involvement of the spinal cord.
Jacob von Heine
65
in 1908 austrian physicians that made the first hypothesis that polio may be caused by a virus
Karl Landsteiner and Erwin Popper
66
In 1908 discovered a filterable agent as the cause of poliomyelitis
Karl Landsteiner & Erwin Popper
67
manage to pass the disease monkey to monkey to find antibodies.
Simon Flexner & Paul Lewis
68
found antibodies in human convalescents in 1908
Arnold Netter & Constantin Levaditti
69
demonstrated neutralizing antibodies in monkey serum against active virus
Levaditti & Landsteiner
70
in 1931 demonstrated polio serotypes
Frank Mcfarland Burnet & Jean MacNamara
71
In 1936 cultured poliovirus in embryonic nervous cells.
Albert Sabin & Peter Olitsky
72
In 1949 grew the virus in muscle cells (fibroblasts) human embryonic skin cells, connective tissue cells, intestine and nervous cells, winning the Nobel Prize in 1954.
John Enders Thomas Weller & Frederick C. Robbins
73
polio virus for production grows in
non nervous cells. 

74
from 1906-93 pioneering researcher on viruses and viral diseases who developed the oral live-virus vaccine against polio.
Sabin, Albert
75
contains harmless attenuated polio virus.
Sabin
76
which vaccine is preferred
Sabin
77
albert sabin
polish

Epidemiology (2 decks)

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