Policy development Flashcards
what are the sociological theories of policy development
- non custodial and custodial sentences
- restorative justice
- CCTV
- zero tolerance
- multi-agency approach
what are custodial sentences
locking up offenders to prevent further crime
why are custodial sentences effective
discourage offenders and public to not offend(deterrence), help offenders to rehab
why are custodial sentences ineffective
high reoffending rates, overcrowding, lack of funding
what are non custodial sentences
in uk- fines, probation, community service
why are non custodial sentences ineffective
not harsh enough and don’t protect public
what is restorative justice
offender meeting victim or victims family in a controlled setting and victim can tell the offender the impacts it has had
why is restorative justice effective
encourages offender to take responsibility for their actions and help offender to see the impact and not commit further crimes
why is restorative justice ineffective
- can be traumatic for victim
- relies on everyone to co operate
what is CCTV
changing the environment that crimes occur rather than the attitudes of the offenders
why is CCTV effective
- deter crime in area by increasing threat of offenders being caught and collects evidence
- small but statistically significant reduction in crime
why is CCTV ineffective
- expensive
- no impact on major crimes
- just moves crimes elsewhere
what is the multi agency model
cooperation between agencies allows early intervention to take place
what agencies are involved in the multi agency approach
social services, media, religion, schools and education need to communicate with families/individuals at risk
why is multi agency approach effective
stops crime before it even happens
why is multi agency approach ineffective
- relies on agencies to work together
- right wing says too idealistic and needs to be harsher
what is zero tolerance
harsh on crime and punishing minor crimes
where was zero tolerance used
NYC in 1990s
what were the findings of using zero tolerance
35% in overall crimes and labelled as solution to urban crime
why is zero tolerance effective
proved to have worked and reduce crime
why is zero tolerance ineffective
- marxists say it is a means of social control and focuses on crimes by working class not upper class such as white collar crimes
- can cause racial tensions as people feel victimised
- does not address causes of crime
what are the biological theories of policy development
death penalty and eugenics
what is the death penalty
people that are put to death because of a crime and it should be used for born criminals
who believed in death penalty and what did he say
lombroso believed these types of people were stigmata and needed to be removed from society to stop crime
why is death penalty effective
deter people from crime
why is death penalty ineffective
most people committing these crimes don’t think rationally so it will not stop them
what is eugenics
a way to reduce criminal reproduction by avoiding negative traits
what are positive eugenics
aim to increase reproduction of good qualities and desired traits
what are negative eugenics
aims to stop reproduction or even sterilise those with of bad qualities or undesired traits
why is eugenics effective
reduces risk of bringing criminals into the world
why is eugenics ineffective
very unethical and not all people with criminal parent are criminals
what are the individualistic theories of policy development
psychoanalysis and behaviour modification
what is psychoanalysis
finds the deep rooted issues and changed peoples perspectives
what happens during psychoanalysis
where the patient verbalises repressed thoughts which are believed to lead to criminal activity so their perspectives can be changed
how is psychoanalysis effective
said to be as effective as cognitive behaviour therapy
how is psychoanalysis ineffective
- time consuming
- does not provide quick answers
- few positive evaluations
what is behaviour modification
focuses on techniques to get rid of undesirable behaviours and promote desirable ones
what is an example of behaviour modification
token economy
what happens during token economy
prisoners are rewarded for good behaviour e.g. more visits from families and punished for bad behaviour
how is behaviour modification effective
- effectiveness short term
- more disciplined and controlled environment so safer for staff and prisoners
how is behaviour modification ineffective
- no long term improvements
- impact on those with less serious offences was mixed
