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Crim unit 2 > Policy development > Flashcards

Policy development Flashcards

1
Q

what are the sociological theories of policy development

A
  • non custodial and custodial sentences
  • restorative justice
  • CCTV
  • zero tolerance
  • multi-agency approach
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2
Q

what are custodial sentences

A

locking up offenders to prevent further crime

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3
Q

why are custodial sentences effective

A

discourage offenders and public to not offend(deterrence), help offenders to rehab

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4
Q

why are custodial sentences ineffective

A

high reoffending rates, overcrowding, lack of funding

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5
Q

what are non custodial sentences

A

in uk- fines, probation, community service

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6
Q

why are non custodial sentences ineffective

A

not harsh enough and don’t protect public

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7
Q

what is restorative justice

A

offender meeting victim or victims family in a controlled setting and victim can tell the offender the impacts it has had

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8
Q

why is restorative justice effective

A

encourages offender to take responsibility for their actions and help offender to see the impact and not commit further crimes

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9
Q

why is restorative justice ineffective

A
  • can be traumatic for victim

- relies on everyone to co operate

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10
Q

what is CCTV

A

changing the environment that crimes occur rather than the attitudes of the offenders

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11
Q

why is CCTV effective

A
  • deter crime in area by increasing threat of offenders being caught and collects evidence
  • small but statistically significant reduction in crime
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12
Q

why is CCTV ineffective

A
  • expensive
  • no impact on major crimes
  • just moves crimes elsewhere
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13
Q

what is the multi agency model

A

cooperation between agencies allows early intervention to take place

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14
Q

what agencies are involved in the multi agency approach

A

social services, media, religion, schools and education need to communicate with families/individuals at risk

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15
Q

why is multi agency approach effective

A

stops crime before it even happens

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16
Q

why is multi agency approach ineffective

A
  • relies on agencies to work together

- right wing says too idealistic and needs to be harsher

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17
Q

what is zero tolerance

A

harsh on crime and punishing minor crimes

18
Q

where was zero tolerance used

A

NYC in 1990s

19
Q

what were the findings of using zero tolerance

A

35% in overall crimes and labelled as solution to urban crime

20
Q

why is zero tolerance effective

A

proved to have worked and reduce crime

21
Q

why is zero tolerance ineffective

A
  • marxists say it is a means of social control and focuses on crimes by working class not upper class such as white collar crimes
  • can cause racial tensions as people feel victimised
  • does not address causes of crime
22
Q

what are the biological theories of policy development

A

death penalty and eugenics

23
Q

what is the death penalty

A

people that are put to death because of a crime and it should be used for born criminals

24
Q

who believed in death penalty and what did he say

A

lombroso believed these types of people were stigmata and needed to be removed from society to stop crime

25
Q

why is death penalty effective

A

deter people from crime

26
Q

why is death penalty ineffective

A

most people committing these crimes don’t think rationally so it will not stop them

27
Q

what is eugenics

A

a way to reduce criminal reproduction by avoiding negative traits

28
Q

what are positive eugenics

A

aim to increase reproduction of good qualities and desired traits

29
Q

what are negative eugenics

A

aims to stop reproduction or even sterilise those with of bad qualities or undesired traits

30
Q

why is eugenics effective

A

reduces risk of bringing criminals into the world

31
Q

why is eugenics ineffective

A

very unethical and not all people with criminal parent are criminals

32
Q

what are the individualistic theories of policy development

A

psychoanalysis and behaviour modification

33
Q

what is psychoanalysis

A

finds the deep rooted issues and changed peoples perspectives

34
Q

what happens during psychoanalysis

A

where the patient verbalises repressed thoughts which are believed to lead to criminal activity so their perspectives can be changed

35
Q

how is psychoanalysis effective

A

said to be as effective as cognitive behaviour therapy

36
Q

how is psychoanalysis ineffective

A
  • time consuming
  • does not provide quick answers
  • few positive evaluations
37
Q

what is behaviour modification

A

focuses on techniques to get rid of undesirable behaviours and promote desirable ones

38
Q

what is an example of behaviour modification

A

token economy

39
Q

what happens during token economy

A

prisoners are rewarded for good behaviour e.g. more visits from families and punished for bad behaviour

40
Q

how is behaviour modification effective

A
  • effectiveness short term

- more disciplined and controlled environment so safer for staff and prisoners

41
Q

how is behaviour modification ineffective

A
  • no long term improvements

- impact on those with less serious offences was mixed

Crim unit 2 (6 decks)

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