Policies Flashcards
What was the Butler Act 1944?
- created the tripartite system
- grammar schools - academic curriculum, 11+ exam, 20% of population, m/c children + cultural capital
- secondary modern - manual skills, offered to those who failed 11+, 75% of population
- technical - 5% of population, vocational and technical skills, m/c + w/c
Evaluate the tripartite system
Strengths
- promotes role allocation
- meritocracy as everyone sits 11+
Weakness
- reproduces + legitimises class inequality
- promotes myth of meritocracy
When was comprehensive education formed?
1965
What are the two main aspects of comprehensive education?
Catchment area
- designated area around the school that allows for students who fall into that area to attend the school
- high priority groups + having a sibling in the school
Setting and streaming
-dividing students based on their ability and sometimes on behaviour
Analysis for comprehensive schools
Gerwitz - privileged choosers
Tough and Brooks - covert selection
Allen and Jenkins - marketisation helps as schools will use complex language that m/c understand
Leech and campos - selection by mortgage
When and what was the Educational reform Act?
1988 + marketisation - introducing market forces of consumer choice and competition between suppliers into areas run by the state
Who favours marketisation + example
New Right - Chubb and Moe - consumer choice
- argue American state schools have failed in their goals and should be placed in the free market as they fail disadvantaged groups and fail to prepare students for the world of work
How does parents choosing the school raise its standards?
Schools need to attract parents
Parents get an incentive of an ‘education voucher’
Name 5 factors of marketisation
ANY FROM
- sponsors - being funded by business
- league tables - online data about school
- formula funding - schools are paid the same amount for every student that helps to buy resources eg
- ofsted - government funded system that measures the success of schools
- LEA - schools used to be under their control and they controlled how their finances were spent
- free schools - schools that are set up on their own
Who came up with the concept of parentocracy and what is it
Miriam David - power is taken away from the producers and is given to the consumers of education to foster competition
How does ball criticise marketisation
Reproduces class inequality - marketisation benefits the middle class and disadvantages the working class
How does gerwitz criticise marketisation
Myth of parentocracy - privileged choosers, semi skilled and disconnected choosers
Study of 14 schools using interviews and secondary data
What does Bartlett 1933 say
Cream skimming - schools actively select the most able students that can achieve the best through using entry requirements
Silt shifting - using covert selection pupils by sifting and sorting out the adequate children for that school through for eg making uniform expensive
Name 5 new labour policies
Aim higher - raise the aspirations of the under represented within society {136 million given and got cut down by coalition govt}
National literacy challenge - introduced set amount of numeracy and literacy to be taught to help the disadvantaged
EMA - encourage students of disadvantaged backgrounds to stay in school after age of 16 and would collect £30 allowance
City academies - school states that were independent of LEA and received funding directly from the govt
EAZ - inner city schools would receive extra funding for resources which usually came from private sponsors
Sure start - pre school children could receiver earlier support in their development
What does Benn say to evaluate the NL policies
Some policies reduced inequalities whereas some increased them
Eg. Tuition fees
Name 3 conservative policies
Academies - schools were encouraged to leave the LEA if they were outstanding and as a result they’d receive funding from govt {72% of skls in 2020 are academies}
Free schools - established by the community if parents aren’t happy with the current provision of education eg school 21
Pupil premium - additional amount of money that schools receive per term for disadvantaged pupils
Eval for academies (Hall)
Stuart Hall - academies are an example of handing over public services to the private capitalists
Eval for free schools (Allen + BRISTOL)
Rebecca Allen - (2010) 20% of skls in Sweden are free schools
Bristol - skls take less FSM pupils. only 6.4% of pupils are on FSM
Eval for pupil premium
Scrapping EMA disadvantages working class as they do not see the point in going to school Ball - it has led to the fragmentation and centralisation of control - education is now a commodity for private businesses
What is globalisation
Interdependence and interconnectedness of countries and cultures eg. Global economic market
Effects of globalisation on policies
Policies
- national literacy strategies
- raise entry requirements in 2012 for trainee teachers - Finland enforced
- PISA - international league tables
Effects of globalisation on the work taught
Anthony Kelly
-British govt need to ensure that schools cater for the economy and this means that the workers need to be able to compete in global economy
Eg 2014 master teachers (higher level of teaching) was to be implemented but it didn’t work as labour lost - singapore enforced
effects of globalisation on education
-Trends of privatisation and marketisation of education
Recruitment of international students £23,500
Policies that reflect globalisation
Emphasis on life long learning
-skills are not fixed as they are in line with the global market
Greater emphasis on individual learning
- individualism
- emphasis on students knowing their learning styles and gaining qualifications that suit their skill
Ball
-education is a commodity and universities need to appeal to the global market
-set high tuition fees
Eg.Liverpool university in china
What does Ball say about the privatisation of education
Cola-isation of schools - privatisation of education through using private sectors by selling products through vending machines
What does Molnar say about the privatisation of education (2005)
Schools are targeted for private deals and sponsorships as they carry legitimacy with anything associated with them
What is assimilation
Assimilation - encourage ethnic minorities to assimilate into British culture
What is an example of assimilation
Compensatory education - compensating those who don’t have enough cultural and economic capital
Aim higher - resources to schools with higher levels of cultural deprivation
Analyse assimilation policies
93% of headteachers are white British (2011)
3.4% of the population are black adults however only 0.9% of them are black teachers
