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forensic psychology > police investigation and criminal profiling > Flashcards

police investigation and criminal profiling Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the criteria that would make a confession inadmissible in court?

A
  • if the police made threates or promises
  • if there was any inhumane conduct that caused an involuntary confession
  • if the suspect does not have an operating mind
  • if there was a lot of police trickery
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2
Q

what is the reid model of interrogation and its main goal

A

a three-part process with the primary objective of having the suspect confess to the crime (the goal is to make confessing to the crime more desirable than the anxiety of lying about it.

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3
Q

what are the three stages of the reid model of interrogation

A

1- gathering evidence related to the crime and to interview witnesses and victims
2- conducting a con-accusatorial interview of the suspect to assess any evidence of deception
3- conducting an accusatorial interrigation of the suspect in which a nine step procedure is implemented (good cop bad cop) (only is suspect was found to be deceptful in step 2)

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4
Q

explain the two general categories of the reid model techniques

A

-minimization techniques: soft cell tactics designed to lull the suspect into a false sense of security (good cop)
- maximization techniques: scare tactics designed to intimidate a suspect believed to be guilty (bad cop)

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5
Q

what are the potential problems with the reid model?

A
  • deception detection is not always accurate
  • investigator bias in which they believe that the suspect is guilty when they begin the interrogation
  • the coercive nature of the interrogation (risk of false confession)
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6
Q

what is the peace model of interrogation?

A
  • model based on information gathering rather than confession
  • used for all parties involved (witness, victime, and suspect)
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7
Q

what are some of the psychological explanations of the advantages of the peace model over the reid model

A
  • allowing ppl to talk w/o interruptions may allow them to rmb more things
  • less susceptible to suggestions
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8
Q

name the types of false confessions

A
  • voluntary
  • coerced-compliant
  • coerced-internalized
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9
Q

explain a voluntary false confession

A
  • when someone voluntarily confesses to a crime they did not commit without any elicitation from the police
  • for a desire for notoriety, being unable to distinguish fact from fantasy, the need to make up for pathological guilt by receiving punishment, desire to protect someone else from harm (common among juveniles)
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10
Q

explain a coerced-compliant false confession

A
  • the suspect confesses to a crime, even though the suspect is fully aware that they did not commit it
  • most common
  • caused by the use of coercive interrogation techniques by the police
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11
Q

explain a coerced-internalized false confession

A
  • confession to a crime they did not commit, but end up believing they actually committed the crime
  • results from suggestive interrogation techniques
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12
Q

what are some of the consequences of false confessions?

A
  • a jury could convict the suspect for a crime they did not commit
  • may lead investigators down the wrong track; putting the public at further risk from the real offender
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13
Q

why are jurors unlikely to identify false confessions?

A
  • it counters self-interest (makes no sense why someone would do that)
  • difficulty to distinguish btwn the true n false confessions
  • false confessions are very similar to true confessions in both their form and content
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14
Q

what is criminal profiling

A

an investigative technique for identifying major personality and behavioural caracs of an ind based upon an analysis of the crimes they have committed.

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15
Q

in what kind of crimes is criminal profiling used most commonly

A

serial homicide or rape (or other violent crimes) where the offender is unknown

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16
Q

modern profiling is often attributed to the work of which psychiatrist who offered clues to the possible identity of a suspect in which case

A

dr james brussel, mad bomber case

17
Q

name some of the criticism of dr james brussel

A
  • barnum statements:
  • hindsight bias:
18
Q

what does VCLAS stand for and what is its role and objective?

A
  • violent crime linkage analysis system
  • used by the rcmp to collect and analyse info on serious crimes from accross canada to reduce linkage blindness
19
Q

what is linkage blindness?

A

inability to link geographically dispersed serial crimes committed by the same offender bc of lack of info sharing among police agencies

20
Q

what are the five categories of profiling

A
  • crime scene profiling
  • geographic profiling
  • psychological profiling
  • suspect-based profiling
  • psychological autopsy
21
Q

what is crime scene profiling?

A

the process of identifying cognitive tendencies, behavioural patterns and emotional dispositions of a unknown offender based on caracs and evidence gathered at the scene of the crime

22
Q

what are the two main approaches to crime scene profiling (and explain)

A
  • deductive analysis: drawing a conclusion from what is already known about the case based on evidence from the crime scene
  • inductive: making inferences from what is known about other solved cases, statistical averages of the caracs of the typical offender
23
Q

explain the organized/disorganized dichotomy of the offender’s caracs

A
  • organized: methodological, could be amicable, carries out crime far from their residence
  • disorganized: lacks cunning, trouble maintaining relationships, commits crime closer to residence
24
Q

explain the organized/disorganized dichotomy of the crime scene behaviour

A
  • organized: deliberate, cold, systematic scene
  • disorganized: chaotic and messy scene
25
Q

explain the mixed crime scene

A
  • caracs of both organized and disorganized
  • most cases start organized and sumn triggers to become disorganized
26
Q

what is a modus operandi?

A

the actions and procedures an offender used to commit a crime successfully

27
Q

what is personation/signature

A
  • any behaviour that goes beyond what is necessary to commit the crime
  • signature: when such behaviours are demonstrated by a serial offender (like the star in arson case of first responders)
28
Q

what is staging?

A
  • the intentional alteration of the crime scene prior to the arrival of the police
  • to derail the police from the investigation
29
Q

what is a trophy?

A
  • an item taken from the crime scene that symbolizes the offender’s triumph over the victim
30
Q

what is a souvenir?

A

an item taken from the crime scene which is meaningful to rmb the crime committed

31
Q

what is undoing?

A
  • behavioral pattern at the crime scene in which the offender tries to psychologically undo the crime
  • desperately trying to return the victim to a normal state bc of guilt
32
Q

what is a self-serving bias?

A

success = taking all the credit
failure = denies responsibility

33
Q

what is geographic profiling?

A

method of identifying the area of probable residence or the probable area of the next crime of an unknown offender, based on the location of and the spatial relationships among various sites

34
Q

what are some of the basic assumptions of geographic profiling?

A
  • a series of cases are linked to one offender
  • at least 3 or 4 crimes are needed
  • offenses should have a stable base of operations
  • there should be a short interval btwn offences
  • the crime series must occur continuously over time
35
Q

what is psychological profiling?

A
  • used to identify and predict dangerous individuals in society (may also be used to identify positive traits
  • suspect is already known
  • objective is to predict the likelihood that a specific ind will be dangerous or violent to others at some point in time
36
Q

what are the two types of threats?

A
  • transient: no lasting intent to harm, more of a spur-of-the-moment thing
  • substantive: serious intent to harm beyond the time that the threat was made
37
Q

what is suspect-based profiling?

A
  • identifying what are the most common traits of people who commit certain types of crimes
  • based on statistics
  • creates typologies
38
Q

what are the three types of terrorists?

A
  • rationally motivated (political, social, economic goals)
  • psychologically motivated (feels like failure so seek revenge)
  • culturally motivated (fear of loss of cultural identity)
39
Q

what is a psychological autopsy?

A
  • autopsy conducted on a dead person for the purpose of uncovering their mental state and circumstances prior to death

forensic psychology (7 decks)

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