Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Procedure > Police Information: Secondary Sources > Flashcards

Police Information: Secondary Sources Flashcards

1
Q

Officer must assess their sources and decide whether their information is reliable enough to ________ police action

A

Justify
(Aguilar- Spinelli)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Officers must prove two things about their sources

A

Veracity
Basis of Knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the four types of sources

A

1) Identified citizen

2)Identifiable citizen

3)Confidential

4)Anonymous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is an Identified Citizens

A

These individuals, including police officers, are willing to have their names associated with the information they provide
(Identified citizens have automatic “veracity” because they know they face consequences if they lie. They are liable in criminal and civil court)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Identifiable citizens

A

When an Officer doesn’t learn the name of a source but have enough information that allow that person to be identified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

By making an ____ __________, spontaneous report to police, a citizen knows the he is identifiable, as a result, accountable

A

In person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Veracity is also assured when an unnamed citizen in unaware that she is speaking with a _______ ______

A

Police Officer
( Female talking to an undercover about where to get drugs, Officer arrested a party. This proved veracity because she didn’t any reason to fabricate the report)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

______ _______ have veracity if they know their call is recorded AND there is other identifying information such as a confirmed call back number, presence at the scene, or employment information

A

Unnamed callers
(Calling 911 does not by itself indicate veracity. But being aware they that are recorded )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Having recording of 911 call is significant for veracity for two reasons :

A

1) It eliminates the possibility of police fabrication ( A major concern in assessing the validity of anonymous tips)
2) It is the best evidence of what dispatch knew (Courts recommend that prosecutors play the 911 recordings)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

A ______ _____ may also establish the callers reliability for veracity

A

CAD sheet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the purpose of confidential informants

A

Investigators do not reveal their confidential sources to protect them and ensure they are available for future operations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The confidential informants privilege is NOT _________

A

Absolute
(In determining whether a court should order disclosure of an informants identity, the public interest in protecting the flow of information to law enforcement must be balanced against the individuals right to prepare a defense )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

______ is usually required when the Confidential informant is an active participant at the time of the arrest

A

Disclosure
(Police should carefully consider whether to use a buy-bust strategy with an informant for this reason)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Confidential Informant disclosure is also required if the defendant claims ______ or points out significant inconsistencies in the governments case

A

Entrapment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Disclosure of a federal informant may be ordered in a ______ _____

A

State case

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

If court orders confidential informant disclosure, prosecutor may ________ the case rather than reveal the informant

A

Dismiss
(This is often recommended. Effective recruitment is impossible once an investigation gets a reputation for burning its informants)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The right to withhold the location of an _____ _______ is similar to the informant privilege

A

Observation Post

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

______ _______ are more difficult to rely on because their identities and background are unknown to police

A

Anonymous Informants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are 4 ways to demonstrate veracity ?

A

1) Identified/ Identifiable

2) Track Record

3) admission of a crime

4) corroboration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Once a source is classified as ________ or ________ the source automatically has veracity

A

Identified or identifiable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Veracity may be shown by ______ ______ when the informant supplied correct information

A

past instances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The fact that a confidential informant gave information leading to a persons conviction demonstrates his _________

A

veracity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

A confirmed _______ also demonstrates veracity

A

Arrest
(Officers must provide the details about the arrest that confirms the accuracy of previous tip)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The SJC has held that a _____ ______ by officers that an informants tip led to an arrest does NOT show veracity

A

naked assertion
(Just writing in an affidavit that an arrest has occurred does not provide enough information. More information on the arrests are needed to prove veracity. Must disclose name or docket number of prior case or an explanation of your failure to do so.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
The fact that police verified an informants _____ ______ demonstrates veracity
Past information (This is true even if the prior information did not lead to a conviction or arrest)
26
Once established an informants track record applies to _____ _______
Future investigations (The court credited the informants track record even though it was 10 years old )
27
Past instance with an informants ________ must be disclosed and overcome
dishonesty ( the police must disclose information that shows their confidential informant was unreliable. Once disclosed officers must show why in spite of the informants past difficulties he is reliable in the present case. if they cannot meet this burden the informant will be disqualified)
28
If an informant admits to participating in a _______ it helps establish veracity
Crime (The theory is that anyone who willingly admits criminal conduct to the police must be conveying truthful information these admission of criminal conduct are also referred to as Declarations against penal interests)
29
For a statement to be credited (Involved in a declaration against penal interest) the informant must have reasonable fear of __________
Prosecution (For a statement to be credited the informant must have reasonable fear of prosecution at the time he told police)
30
Four methods to demonstrate an informants reasonable fear of prosecution
1) Identity ( Police know the identity of the informant, anonymous informants have no fear of prosecution because they cant be identified by police.) 2) Contact information (they have the ability to contact the informant) 3) Incriminating connection (Officers should report if an informants comments were made after he was confronted with evidence of their criminal activity) 4) Warning ( it is persuasive but not required for officers to warn an informant that he can be prosecuted for past/ future crimes)
31
Informants may receive_______, but not a contingent fee
compensation
32
The fact that an informant did not receive any ________ or ________ should be noted because it demonstrates veracity
Payment or promise
33
What are the three ways to demonstrate basis of knowledge ?
1) Explain the source of the tip 2)Provide details 3)engage in police corroboration (Ideally Police do all three)
34
ALL informants, even officers, must satisfy (provide details) the second part of the reliability test so that officers act on good __________
information (It is especially important that the tips describe the accused's criminal activity in sufficient detail so the police know they are relying on something more substantial that a cause rumor circulating in the underworld or accusation based on an individuals general reputation)
35
Officers may act on information obtained through _____ ______ without knowing its original source
Police channels (How ever the tips legal validity must be demonstrated in court)
36
When reasonable suspicion or probable cause depends on a _____ ____ officers must, at some point, learn the factual basis behind the transmission
Radio broadcast
37
Officers should learn the source of _____ _____ information when it results in an investigative detention that leads to an arrest or search
Roll Call
38
____ _____ are treated the same way as a radio bulletins and roll call reports.
Wanted poster (Officers may rely on them but a court will later decide whether the poster had an adequate factual basis for publication)
39
Since a ______ _____ implicates criminals with its sense of smell, the handler has to be able to explain how the it signals the discovery and why its reliable
Police dog
40
When proving basis of knowledge the key inquiry is ?
How does the informant know what he claims to know ? ( The answer to this question enables officers to assess where their informant has a basis of knowledge. The informants answer will reveal the source of his information and convey why police should trusts the tip)
41
A _________ report about an event demonstrates veracity and basis of knowledge
Spontaneous (The reason is the report occurs before the speaker has time to fabricate)
42
______ show an informants basis of knowledge, even though he does not reveal the source of his information
Details
43
Even though it can proof basis of knowledge, _______ does not prove veracity
details
44
Sometimes a police informant obtains information from his own _______
Informant (When police rely on this totem pole tip, they must be sure that the informant and the informants informant satisfy the test for veracity and basis of knowledge)
45
When possible officers should present _____ the source of the informants knowledge and details of his account
Both
46
If informants ___ contributed to reasonable suspicion or probable cause, the police and prosecutors should present this information to the court- unless there is a compelling reason not to do so
Tip
47
______ is independent police verification
Corroboration (In establishing reasonable suspicion or probable cause, corroboration compensates for deficiencies in an informants veracity and/or basis of knowledge)
48
Corroboration can _______ a deficient tip
Rescue
49
Corroboration is _____if police rely on an anonymous informant
Essential (Because police lack any knowledge of an anonymous informants background, officers must engage in independent investigation. Then the anonymous tip does not stand alone. it is supported by information confirmed by police)
50
Corroboration is important if the police rely on a ____ ____ confidential informant
First time
51
Sometimes informants information is considered reliable without _________
Corroboration (Informant provided so much detail and information plus had a past confirmed conviction as an informant that no corroboration was needed)
52
What is the most common corroboration ?
Officers see a person or vehicle beat the scene of a recent crime matching the suspects description
53
Minor ___________ between the tip and corroboration do not defeat reasonable suspicion
Discrepancies (Court notes: Reasonable suspicion may exist absent a full matchup of all parts of the description. Police must be allowed to take into account the possibility that some descriptive facts supplied by victims or witnesses may be in error)
54
A detailed tip concerning recent erratic operation provides reasonable suspicion for ______ ______
Impaired driving
55
Deficient _____ description may derail the case for OUI
Vehicle
56
View the possibility of an ______ ______ as an imminent danger to the public
Impaired driver
57
When sent to an OUI call for a moving vehicle look for _______ or ______ infractions upon seeing the suspect vehicle
Moving or equipment
58
Always stop the vehicle _______ Don't follow in order to see if the operator engages in erratic operation
Immediately ( This risks the possibility of a collision and may, ironically , cause reasonable suspicion to evaporate if the officers observe good driving)
59
On an OUI call always check with the ______ for collective knowledge before writing the incident report
Dispatcher
60
A report that a person is carrying a ________ does not, without more, provide reasonable suspicion of unlawful possession
Firearm (Officers must have at least one additional reason why the suspect might possess the gun unlawfully)
61
One of the most obvious plus factors to Possession of a fire arm if the suspect appears to be ______ _____
Under 21 (In Massachusetts it is always unlawful for a person under 21 to posses a firearm)
62
Plus factors to possession of a firearm (7)
1) Under 21 2) Past arrest with a gun 3) Ineligible for LTC 4) Firing the weapon 5) Pointing the weapon 6)Selling the firearm 7) Loading the firearm (^ While a licensed gun owner might carry a firearm for protection the act of publicly leading the firearm is an event that creates reasonable suspicion that a crime has occured)
63
A report of a suspect _______ a firearm is more serious then simple possession
Brandishing
64
While ____ _____ has not been prohibited in Massachusetts and other states, police are still authorized to respond to provocative displays
Open carry
65
While merely carrying a gun does not create reasonable suspicion, _______ ___ does
Concealing one
66
What are some factors that create reasonable suspicion with gun possession (6)
1) Concealing 2) Not using a holster 3) Possession of it during a crime 4) Possession a weapon connected with crime ( Sawed off shotgun) 5) Impaired( May not possess a gun in public while intoxicated or impaired) 6) Public safety risk (When the tip describes a person who appears out of control or unconscious police must deal with the public safety threat)
67
A tip will not provide a basis for action unless it ______ describes the person in possession of the gun
Adequately
68
140/129C require a citizen to produce his _____ license on demand
Gun ( Any person who, while not being within the limits of his own property or residence or such a person whose property or residence is under lawful search shall on demand of a police officer exhibit his LTC. Upon failure to do so such a person may be required to surrender his firearm)
69
No _____ necessary when an officer ORDERS a citizens to produce his LTC
Miranda
70
When a future event develops precisely as the informant predicted this establishes ______
reliability
71
Multiple tips ______ one another because facts reported by individuals not acting together are likely true
corroborate
72
An operation that ______ a suspects criminal activity has obvious value
Confirms ( The SJC declared that a controlled purchase of narcotics provides probable cause to issue a search warrant)
73
Whether probable cause exists from a controlled buy at the targets apartment depends 4 factors
1) Number of apartments and building size and layout 2) Description of the inside of the targets apartment 3) Where drugs were stored 4) Whether police saw the CI enter the targets apartment, or why it was not feasible to watch closely
74
Since law enforcement personnel directly obtain the evidence during an _____ ____ this tactic is much less regulated than a controlled buy
Undercover buy
74
A ______ _____ in a multi unit apartment building requires either close monitoring or an explanation
Controlled buy
75
What are the 4 steps for a valid controlled buy with an informant
1) Meet-(a police officer meets the informant at a location other than where the suspected criminal activity occurring) 2) Search- ( The officer searches the informant for drugs on his person and furnishes him with money) 3)Escort- (The officer escorts them to where illegal activity is occurring. Ideally Police observe the informant enter the targets dwelling) 4) Retrieve- (The informant turns over the substance he purchased to his police handler)
76
Police may corroborate a suspects location and illegal activity by finding evidence in the _____
Trash
77
Police _____ may corroborate an informant
Surveillance
78
Corroboration of non-obvious ____ _____ contributes to reasonable suspicion or probable cause
Innocent Details (Some of the most effective police corroboration concerns innocent details known by an inside player)
79
Referring to _____ can be a potent form of corroboration
records

Procedure (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions