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Crime and Punishment > Police > Flashcards

Police Flashcards

1
Q

Requirement of a ‘force publique’ to guarantee rights

A

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, 1789

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2
Q

Established or defined police powers and obligations in municipal and judicial domains

A

Article 3 of Title XI of Decree of August 16-24 1790 Refined in the Code des délits et des peines, 1795

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3
Q

1799 Master of imperial police with a network of spies and informants

A

Fouché

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4
Q

Prefecture of Paris Police established

A

1800

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5
Q

Established prefectoral supervision of local policing, appointement of CP made obligatory in towns with more than 5000 inhabitants

A

Law of 17 Feb 1800

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6
Q

July monarchy police expansion

A

at least 28 new towns of under 5000 given CPs

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7
Q

Origins of commissaires spéciaux

A

official concern of dangers believed inherent in ‘nomadic’ workers employed to build French railroads e.g. in Tours and Poitiers

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8
Q

Maréchaussée numbers on eve of Revolution

A

3660 on eve of Revolution

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9
Q

Paris introduced CP uniform

A

1829

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10
Q

CP complained agent ignorant and incapable, no help at all to judiciary

A

Roubaix

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11
Q

Agents in Nantes, 1847

A

uniformed corps of sergents-de-ville, 50 strong, divided into brigadiers and sous-brigadiers

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12
Q

Mouchard provided CP with useful info on forthcoming election of officers in the municipal national guard

A

Chalon 1840

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13
Q

Gendarmerie in early years of Third Republic

A

Had to enforce anticlerical legislation and lost traditional support and praise from conservatives

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14
Q

Thrilling memoirs released esp after this date

A

1880

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15
Q

Detectives = ‘elite’, for little pay, never queried ‘dangerous missions’

A

Goron, former head of the Paris Sûreté

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16
Q

Publicly acknowledged debt to Sherlock Holmes. Urged readers and students to recognise, as Holmes had shown, that every contact an offender made with an object left a trace

A

Locard, 1st head of Laboratoire de police criminelle

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17
Q

Hoped uniforms would discourage officers from frequenting taverns and openly engaging in ‘bad habits’

A

Prefect of police Debelleyme

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18
Q

French policemen legally defined as representing the state as enforcer of the law

A

Law of 1790 Section on criminal procedures of Napoleon’s 1808 Penal Code French police manuals and service regulations of late 19th C and early 20th C

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19
Q

1887 regulations for Paris police

A

6 missions: 1. Crime prevention 2 Apprehension of criminals 3. Law enforcement 4. Protection of citizens, persons and property 5. maintain of public order 6. defence of public security and decency

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20
Q

Gendarmes out of uniform not considered as undertaking police functions

A

1805 Cour de Cassation

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21
Q

Number of CPs and quartiers in Napoleonic Paris

A

48

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22
Q

1st administrator of Bureau de Sûreté (2nd division of the Prefecture, dealing w crime)

A

Monsieur Henry

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23
Q

Vidocq appointed

A

1812

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24
Q

Size of Vidocq’s squad 1820s

A

grown to 28

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25
Q

Vidocq’s first resignation

A

1827

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26
Q

Vidocq’s return

A

1832, as chief of what was, since Sept 1830 prefectoral order, was officially the brigade du Sûreté

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27
Q

Vidocq’s 2nd resignation

A

agents accused of acting as provocateurs during sensational case of attempted robbery heard at the assize court of the Seine, end of September 1832

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28
Q

Gisquet’s reorganised Sûreté

A

Appointed capable officier de paix Allard as new chief. Brought funding of bureau under municipal budget. Forbade recruitment of men with criminal records

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29
Q

Paris police arrested over 17 000 vagrants

A

1892

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30
Q

Lawrence, conclusions from memoirs, autobiographies, policing manuals used to examine attitudes to poor

A

Measure of understanding, possibly because many police recruits drawn from the poor Great antipathy towards vagrants and beggars, possibly because of lack of alternative welfare infrastructure, which meant problem largely theirs Contrary to majority of people, many officers did see a relationship between socio-economic circumstances and crime Common for memoirs to stress the corrupting influecne of vice, e.g. alcohol, gambling Many blamed poor’s environment, slum life Vagrancy mentioned in almost every memoir

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31
Q

Num of different classes of CP/ different levels of annual salary

A

6

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32
Q

Complaint by minister of interior 1843

A

Great number of CPs simply left posts without authorisation to go back to Paris to ask ministry for advancement or something else

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33
Q

Better policing only if post made more attractive through increase of salaries

A

Suggestion of some prefects

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34
Q

Accepted appointment to Senlis in 1829 then visited new post incognito. Discovered miserable salary not to be supplemented by municipal funds. Left town

A

Dussochet-Renclos

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35
Q

‘One becomes a policeman when one can’t do anything else’

A

Aubert et al

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36
Q

Left much less scope for policeman to define terms under which people could be legally detained, arrested, subjected to physical force

A

Late 19th Century manuals and instruction

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37
Q

Merriman on professionalisation

A
  • Differences in policing across the country decrease
  • Must be seen in context of that of other notable occupations e.g. doctors
  • Brought standardised training/ assessment of professional competency
  • More references to ‘the profession’
  • More CPs taking up posts away from place of origin
  • Local reports on CPs asking for level of education and foreign language spoken
  • Increased bureaucratisation - detailed reports to ministry of interior
  • Appearance of instruction manuals and increased use of police stationary
  • Increased number of Commissaires Centrals
  • Bertillon Fingerprinting
  • Num of gendarmes incr fourfold
  • 1815-51 expansion of urban policing - more CPs
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38
Q

1854 reforms

A

established principle of civilian police force

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39
Q

Journal de commissaires de police established

A

1855

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40
Q

Policemen in Paris with their numbers on their collars

A

1855

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41
Q

Standards of recruitment and competitive exams instituted

A

Third Republic

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42
Q

Competence of CPs within judiciary

A

1791

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43
Q

Instructed CPs to send proces-verbaux of crimes and misdemeanours to procureurs

A

Code d’instruction criminelle

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44
Q

CPs authorised to search 4 criminals, gain proof and deliver this to courts Power to arrest, interrogate, release subjects for misdeeds, punishable by fine of up to 3 days’ wages or 3 days in jail

A

Article 8, Criminal Code 1817 circular confirmed responsibilities

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45
Q

1829 Paris CP Baille’s office stocked with

A
  • four volume Dictionnaire de police moderne
  • 8 boxes of copies of laws, ordinances, regulations
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46
Q

CP serving in his local area is subject to local considerations, can’t always resist influences

A

Prefect of Manche

47
Q

local CP serving in a rival local town could be a problem

A

e.g. Aurillac to Rodez

48
Q

Rivalry between Commissare Central and CPs below him led to suppression of the former post

A

Vannes

49
Q

Lack of change in CP agenda/ function

A

Basic modus operandi remained the same:

  • Patrolled beats on foot - scarecrows for petty thieves
  • Knowledge of offenders (Emsley)
50
Q

Change in target audience of manuals

A

1st half of 19th C manuals for managerial level

1880s/90s increasingly for rank-and-file

51
Q

Johansen on professionalisation

A

Turn of 20th C establishment of police academies and printing of service regulations

52
Q

Sûreté prestige contrast to Paris police as a whole (Emsley)

A

Du Camp - inspectors chosen with care from among army NCOs. Mainly married, good morals, rectitude to underworld temptations

53
Q

Reform resulting from wave of concern about crime - street thugs (apaches), bandits and vagabonds

A

Reorganisation of Police speciale into a dozen mobile brigades of 13-18 men in major cities

54
Q

1852 reforms

A

More centralised (Paine)

55
Q

Bourgoin lost CP to military service

A

council suggested could get along without one. Mayor and subprefect argued needed CP because Bourgoin too exposed to numerous and frequent comings and goings

56
Q

Retained police by virtue of its location and major market

A

La Charité

57
Q

Departmental prefect authorised to nominate police on recommendation of the mayor

A

1864

58
Q

Mayor = nominal chief of police

A
  1. Ambiguity - superior authority in some circumstances to prefects and sub-prefects (Emsley)
59
Q

Structure and functions of gendarmerie

A

Brigades of 6 men stationed in barracks in towns and villages along main road Brought in conscripts, protected taxes and ammo convoys etc

60
Q

Pélot

A

arson attack on Gascon neighbour

Thereafter violent attacks on houses and rape

April 1816 - shoot out with gendarmes.

Died in prison from the wounds

40 years later Gascony had transformed Pélot into mythical hero resisting state encroachments

So much so that functionary in one of the courts in Tarbes thought it important enough to publish a short history to counter incorrect versions that made Pélot a ‘noble soul’

61
Q

Growth rate of Gendarmerie levelled off

A

1880

62
Q

Current numbers of gendarmes and CPs

A

80 000 gendarmes 108 000 Police nationale (Gillis)

63
Q

Insist strongly on respect for hierarchical order

A

1880-1914 police manuals

64
Q

Change in CP appointment procedure

A

1st half of 19th C, CPs appointed by minister of the interior from list of local worthies. Selected primarily based on political loyalty

By 1900, Commissaires developing into professional body with growing sense of professional identity

65
Q

Establishment of commissaires speciaux de surveillance des chemins de fer

A

1846

66
Q

Commissaires speciaux by 1860

A

33 of them with 70 subordinate inspectors

67
Q

1889 restructuring of commissaires speciaux

A

divided into police speciale de la frontiere and police speciale de l’interieure

Police speciale = essentially political policemen

68
Q

Agent of Bourg St Andéol

A

seemed oblivious to the tricks of the unscrupulous e.g. merchants weighing using old measures

Boats on the Rhône loaded and unloaded passengers without the slightest police survelliance

In town, shouts and obscene songs echoed

Agent dismissed 1820s

Only in 1836 did Bourg St Andéol finally get a CP and then only because the prefect forced the municipal council to allocate funds for his salary (Merriman)

69
Q

Feb 1824, Gendarmerie brigade in Figeac heard a rumour of an attempted murder in the small community of Fourmagnac…

A

Subsequent investigation by gendarmes revealed that an elder brother had stabbed a sibling over the inheritance of family mill and the younger brother’s affair with a servant

Local mayor had played a significant role in the cover-up

70
Q

Number of political dossiers and individual bulletins accumulated during the July Monarchy

A

25 000 political dossiers 60 000 individual bulletins

71
Q

Number of registers accumulated 1790-1871

A

10 million

72
Q

Crowds turned against police

A

February Revolution 1848

73
Q

Paris prefect pointed out advantage of police neutrality for public relations

A

September 1832

74
Q

Determined to improve quality of recruits, behaviour on the streets and hence public relations

Efforts conducted with much publicity and welcome degree of success

Praised by an increasingly professional cadre of commissaires

A

Lépine, appointed Prefect of police 1893

75
Q

Praised Lépine’s efforts and acknowledged French police’s history of arbitrary authority, but insisted those days were in the past

A

Pélatant, commissaire central in Grenoble

76
Q

Changes in background of those joining police

A

3rd Republic inherited large number of officers whose professional ethos and practices shaped by doing military careers and loyalty to Napoleon III 1880s/ 90s these men gradually replaced with recruits loyal to the Republic with little military experience

77
Q

Recurrent topic in public debates 1890s-1914

A

Disproportionate violence of police, systematic beatings at police stations, etc

78
Q

Turning point in attitude of many towards republican regime

A

1893 police behaviour in Paris riots

79
Q

French manuals’ and instructions’ clear legal boundaries around police action

A

Several substantial paragraphs, entitled e.g. ‘Abuse of Authority’, ‘Arbitrary Acts, ‘Usurpation of police powers’

References to sections of the Penal Code that could be used to prosecute erring policemen:

  • Article 114 - attack on civil liberties
  • Article 184 - unlawful entry
  • Article 186 - illegitimate use of force
80
Q

Vautrin ft

A

Splendeurs et miseres des courtisanes 1837-47 Master of disguise, e.g. appearing as Spanish priest Carlos Herrera

At end of novel, recruited as Police detective in Paris

81
Q

Bras Rouge ft

A

Sue, Les Mysteres de Paris, 1842 Figure of underworld finally revealed as police detective

82
Q

Brigandage and theft = metier. Lived with prostitutes, had rank, gutteral voices, looked different from members of respectable society

A

Rabasse, inspecteur in Paris Police, 1872

83
Q

Cultivated image of police as scientific expert. Encouraged work of Bertillon and development of anthropometric files

A

Mace, head of Sûreté, 1879-1884

84
Q

Led from the front, took charge of several major cases and won praise from the press for his successes Published novel after. Stressed use of scientific methods, but also courage, probity, vigour of police inspectors

A

Goron, head of Sûreté, 1887-1894

85
Q

incorporated within bureau 1881

A

Brigade des moeurs, responsible for surveillance of prostitutes and suppression of vice

Could threaten/ victimise young w-c women

86
Q

‘Since the Revolution of 1789, the vice squad has succeeded in perpetuating a spectacular legal anachronism, recreating the most tragic and scandalous affairs that were characteristic of the Old Regime’

A

Dr Fiaux, La Police des moeurs en France, 1888

87
Q

Scandal of the vice squad: Mademoiselle Rousseil, 1876

A

Arrested on the pavement waiting while husband bought train tickets

When finally found her and complained, head of police, Lecour, replied - ‘what kind of man leaves his wife to wait for him on the pavement?’

88
Q

Scandal of the vice squad: Mademoiselle Ligeron, 1877

A

Arrested for looking suspicious, forced to confess to prostitution. Med exam revealed she was a virgin

89
Q

Scandal of the vice squad: Amélie Renault, 1877

A

inscribed prostitute, Renault was looking for meds for her sick child when she was arrested and held overnight. The child died

90
Q

Scandal of the vice squad: Fourissier Affair, 1903

A

Sister and fiancée of young journalist walking to meet him, accused of prostitution. All three arrested. Vice squad tried to cover up

91
Q

24 metre tent stolen from the Champs-Elysées

A

1803

92
Q

1st time training system for Paris police

A

1860s

93
Q

Prostitution system formalised

A

by the Cour de Cassation 1850

94
Q

Obligations and prohibitions imposed on common women, 1887

A
  • health check fortnightly
  • no depravity during day
  • simple/ modest clothing
  • No talking to men with women/ children
95
Q

Lots of police time spent…

A

policing the poor/ very poor

focus partly due to lack of police resources

96
Q

date appointment of garde champêtre made obligatory (although many communes appear to have ignored it, unwilling to impose the tax to fund it)

A

following subsistence crisis 1795

97
Q

Improvement of gardes champêtres

A

Criticisms such as susceptible to community opinion seem gradually to disappear from the monthly and annual reports of the Gendarmerie mid-19th Century

98
Q

Example communal budget

A

St Martin

96 fr levy for garde champêtre

85 fr salary - 22% of total expenditure

99
Q

until now rural police ‘neglected in most municipalities, poorly paid, often confided to corrupt hands’. Not been effective deterrent to theft and depredations. Necessary that honest salary place them beyond temptation

A

Convention’s agriculture committee, 1795

100
Q

Prefect of Deux-Sèvres

A

Livestock sent to graze on the stubble trample through enclosed properties or orchards and the gardes champêtres do nothing about it

101
Q

Limited hunting to own property

A

Rural Code 1791

102
Q

‘They clamp down only on the unfortunate while the large cultivators can devastate the crops with impunity… They are obliged to spare the rich who give them employment’

A

Prefect of Côte d’Or

103
Q

Annual salaries of Indre department’s 76 gardes champêtres

A

81 fr. Thus, the gardes champêtres were part timers

104
Q

banned from carrying firearms

A

gardes champêtres, owing to their reputation for illegal hunting

105
Q

Government authorised communal levies to pay guards’ salaries. Unique exception to iron constraints on local fiscal initiative

A

1805

106
Q

gardes champêtres made informal auxiliaries of the Gendarmerie

A

1806

107
Q

their isolation renders their service absolutely nil in respect to policing

A

Prefect of Somme, of gardes champêtres

108
Q

Date by which salaries of gardes champêtres routine element of communal budgets

A

1820s

109
Q

Without the ministry of police, how would one know the movements of society?

A

Police official 1814

110
Q

Bonnot Gang

A

1911-2, better tech than police. Motorbikes etc.

111
Q

corruption

A

Dossiers used for extortion. E.g. Daudet, 1920s, called the Sûreté Générale an ‘association of malfaiteurs’ and claimed ‘blackmail is thier most important function

112
Q

trafficked in drugs and practiced extortion so openly that his cowed superiors recommended him for a promotion in 1934

A

Mariani, inspecteur in Lille

113
Q

Merriman’s definition of professionalization

A

standardized training and assessment of professional

competency within the context of a hierarchical structure of

authority and a sense of collective identity

Crime and Punishment (5 decks)

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