POLICE Flashcards
Which role does the police serve in society?
a) Law enforcer
b) Peacekeeper
c) Counselor
d) Social worker
e) All of the above
e) All of the above
Why are police considered gatekeepers in the criminal justice system?
a) They can decide which incidents proceed through the system.
b) They are the final point of contact in the justice system.
c) They only enforce laws, not social issues.
d) They work primarily in courts.
a) They can decide which incidents proceed through the system
What is a salient characteristic of police in the community?
a) They are the first representatives of the government to the community.
b) They only enforce the rules of the criminal justice system.
c) They prioritize crime statistics over community needs.
d) They function primarily as social workers.
a) They are the first representatives of the government to the community.
What must happen before a person proceeds through the criminal justice system?
a) A police officer must arrest them.
b) The courts must first decide their case.
c) The person must have contact with the police.
d) A lawyer must be assigned to their case.
c) The person must have contact with the police.
Which of the following is NOT one of the six principles of Policing for People?
a) Attentiveness
b) Reliability
c) Discipline
d) Manners
c) Discipline
What does the principle of attentiveness emphasize?
a) Police should be visible and engaged in the community.
b) Police should consistently enforce rules without exception.
c) Police should always resolve conflicts immediately.
d) Police should evaluate crime statistics regularly.
a) Police should be visible and engaged in the community. (foot patrols and have conversation and listen to the communities concern, needs requests)
What does the principle of reliability highlight?
a) Police should solve every issue they encounter.
b) Police should respond consistently and predictably.
c) Police should focus only on serious crimes.
d) Police should enforce strict adherence to rules.
b) Police should respond consistently and predictably. ((Public can expect consistency in response, if individuals call they can expect help) EX) McDonalds-> people know its fast, know what is coming and can expect -> same about the police)
What does responsive service mean in policing?
a) Police should connect with the community and explain their decisions.
b) Police should strictly follow bureaucratic rules.
c) Police should avoid interacting with citizens directly.
d) Police should evaluate crime rates over tangible outcomes.
a) Police should connect with the community and explain their decisions.
People expect more of their police than “mere adherence to bureaucratic rules” (they want understanding and a sense of connection, the evaluation of the situation with a police officer present at the scene with explanation and recognition and want the police to solve the issue (Police can be responsive even when they deny a citizens request, by explaining the denial)
What does competence in policing involve?
a) Reducing crime statistics in the neighborhood.
b) Following bureaucratic procedures.
c) Achieving tangible outcomes for the community.
d) Prioritizing data collection over action.
c) Achieving tangible outcomes for the community.
People want police who “can get the job done” (Tangible outcomes vs Crime statistics) -> People don’t want evaluation of crime rates statistics in their neighborhood, they are more interested in tangible outcomes by friends, family etc and ppl want the police to provide active help / support
Which principle is the strongest predictor of citizen satisfaction with the police?
a) Attentiveness
b) Manners
c) Reliability
d) Competence
b) Manners
Which factor is the strongest predictor of police disrespect?
a) A suspect’s socioeconomic status
b) A suspect’s initial disrespect toward police
c) The severity of the situation
d) The police department’s policies
b) A suspect’s initial disrespect toward police
What does fairness in policing emphasize?
a) Strict enforcement of laws
b) Adherence to crime statistics
c) Procedural justice
d) Evaluation of crime data
c) Procedural justice
What is the principal challenge of policing for people?
a) Financial constraints
b) Technical ability
c) Organizational challenges
d) Crime reduction policies
c) Organizational challenges
Internal accountability is a key element in promoting policing for people. TRUE / FALSE
TRUE
Most police reforms prioritize crime reduction over service-oriented policing metrics.
TRUE
Police are capable of following the six principles of Policing for People but fail to do so consistently.
TRUE
What was the first organized police force?
a) New York Police Department
b) London Metropolitan Police Force
c) Paris Municipal Police Force
d) Berlin Police Force
b) London Metropolitan Police Force
Police organizations are typically characterized by:
a) Flexibility, decentralization, and innovation
b) Rigid traditions, hierarchical structure, and shared goals
c) Constant reorganization and adaptability
d) Focus on minimizing sub-organizational goals
b) Rigid traditions, hierarchical structure, and shared goals
Which of the following is an example of police rigidity?
a) Assigning fewer officers at night when call volumes are lower
b) Scheduling the same number of officers for day and night shifts regardless of call volume
c) Rotating officers between departments to improve efficiency
d) Increasing the number of officers in areas with high crime rates
b) Scheduling the same number of officers for day and night shifts regardless of call volume
What are the four eras of policing?
a) Political, Professional, Administrative, Community
b) Political, Bureaucratic, Administrative, Community
c) Political, Professional, Bureaucratic, Community
d) Professional, Bureaucratic, Administrative, Reactive
c) Political, Professional, Bureaucratic, Community
Which characteristic best describes the Political Era of policing?
a) Standardized procedures and manuals
b) Emphasis on community engagement and decentralization
c) Use of police power to benefit powerful individuals
d) Specialized education and professional training
c) Use of police power to benefit powerful individuals
The Professional Era of policing focused on:
a) Training and educating officers, and making policing a profession
b) Following strict procedures and eliminating community influence
c) Engaging with communities and decentralizing operations
d) Providing officers complete autonomy in decision-making
a) Training and educating officers, and making policing a profession
Which era of policing introduced standardized procedures and strict supervision?
a) Political Era
b) Professional Era
c) Bureaucratic Era
d) Community Policing Era
c) Bureaucratic Era
What was a primary criticism of the Bureaucratic Era of policing?
a) Lack of focus on education and training
b) Excessive engagement with community needs
c) Lack of consideration for the community and strict adherence to orders
d) Unregulated personal discretion of officers
c) Lack of consideration for the community and strict adherence to orders
The Community Policing Era emphasizes:
a) Strict adherence to standardized manuals and procedures
b) Proactive problem-solving and community engagement
c) Training officers to eliminate their involvement in local issues
d) Focusing only on crime statistics and reactive measures
b) Proactive problem-solving and community engagement
Studying the characteristics of a policing era is useful for:
a) Understanding public perceptions of crime rates
b) Predicting characteristics of police organizations operating within that era
c) Identifying areas for budget cuts
d) Reducing officer training requirements
b) Predicting characteristics of police organizations operating within that era
The bureaucratic policing model focuses on:
a) Community partnerships and decentralized operations
b) Punishing officers for deviation from established policies and procedures
c) Increasing political involvement in policing decisions
d) Eliminating standardized manuals and policies
b) Punishing officers for deviation from established policies and procedures
True or False: Community policing focuses on reactive measures rather than proactive problem-solving.
FALSE
True or False: Police organizations tend to prioritize flexibility over tradition.
FALSE
True or False: The Professional Era of policing introduced the idea of specialized education and police academies.
TRUE
True or False: The Political Era of policing was characterized by using police power to benefit powerful individuals.
TRUE
Which of the following describes a significant change in police organizations over time?
a) Reduced use of technology
b) Decreased diversity in officers
c) Adoption of advanced technology and more diversity
d) Elimination of community policing
c) Adoption of advanced technology and more diversity
What are the six police dimensions of interest?
a) Officer diversity, community policing, patrol strategy diversity, militancy, technology, staffing rigor
b) Officer education, community engagement, resource allocation, militancy, technology, discipline
c) Community trust, officer diversity, patrol strategy diversity, training, technology, staffing rigor
d) Militancy, officer discipline, staffing rigor, technology, transparency, patrol strategy diversity
a) Officer diversity, community policing, patrol strategy diversity, militancy, technology, staffing rigor
How is staffing rigor best defined?
a) The level of diversity among officers in a department
b) The strict adherence to bureaucratic policies by police leadership
c) The implementation of policies guiding police decision-making
d) The evaluation of how many officers are assigned to each shift
c) The implementation of policies guiding police decision-making
whether or not police wrote policies to guide certain decision making
What does “patrol strategy diversity” refer to?
a) The use of various patrol methods like cars, boats, helicopters, and horses
b) The number of officers assigned to a specific patrol shift
c) The focus on community-oriented patrols over traditional patrols
d) The division of patrol responsibilities by crime type
a) The use of various patrol methods like cars, boats, helicopters, and horses
Militancy in policing is primarily measured by:
a) The number of diverse officers in the force
b) The use of weapons, armored vehicles, and force levels
c) The level of public trust in the police
d) The focus on procedural justice within the community
b) The use of weapons, armored vehicles, and force levels
Police organizations have remained static in their diversity and use of technology since 1993.
False
Community policing is one of the six key dimensions of interest in modern policing.
TRUE
Technological advancements in policing are unrelated to changes in patrol strategies.
False
Staffing rigor ensures that police organizations have written policies to guide certain decisions.
TRUE
The diversity of patrol strategies includes the use of cars, boats, helicopters, and horses.
TRUE
What is the purpose of Simpson and Hipp’s (2019) typological approach to studying police?
a) To evaluate crime statistics across different regions
b) To build police typologies based on six dimensions and analyze their changes over time and space
c) To determine the best patrol strategy for urban areas
d) To reduce the number of officers in large police departments
b) To build police typologies based on six dimensions and analyze their changes over time and space
How does Simpson and Hipp’s (2019) research differ from previous studies?
a) It examines the six police dimensions in isolation
b) It focuses only on officer diversity
c) It combines all six dimensions into a typological analysis instead of studying them separately
d) It eliminates the need for community policing research
c) It combines all six dimensions into a typological analysis instead of studying them separately
What is one key contribution of the typological approach to studying police?
a) It focuses only on historical policing models
b) It enhances scholarly understanding of police practices more broadly
c) It eliminates the need for policy development in law enforcement
d) It replaces traditional methods of evaluating police performance
b) It enhances scholarly understanding of police practices more broadly
What data source was used in the study to analyze police organizations?
a) Uniform Crime Report (UCR)
b) National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
c) Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS)
d) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Reports
c) Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS)
How did police organization types differ in 1993?
a) They were all the same across different regions
b) They varied based on geographical location
c) They focused only on community policing
d) They were strictly militarized
b) They varied based on geographical location
What happened to police organizations in Southern California between 1993 and 2013?
a) They became more diverse in policing styles
b) They remained unchanged over time
c) They became more similar across different areas
d) They eliminated community policing practices
c) They became more similar across different areas
What key question does the article raise about policing? (Southern Cali policing)
a) Should police use community policing or militarized tactics?
b) Should police agencies only focus on law enforcement?
c) Should all police agencies have the same strategies?
d) Should police agencies reduce technology use?
a) Should police use community policing or militarized tactics?
What does the article suggest about police typologies? (Southern Cali policing)
a) They have remained the same across regions
b) There is evidence of spatial convergence in at least one large area
c) They have no impact on policing strategies
d) They are identical in all police agencies
b) There is evidence of spatial convergence in at least one large area
different things are becoming similar or coming together in the same area.
when crime patterns or effective police tactics are present in one part of a city, they can influence other areas. So, if a police tactic proves to be very effective in one part, it could be adopted or have a positive impact in other parts of the city too.
Studying the diversity among police organizations helps in understanding:
a) Why all policing strategies work the same way
b) Why policing strategies are ineffective in all regions
c) How different police agencies operate and succeed differently
d) Why police agencies should not change over time
c) How different police agencies operate and succeed differently
Why do some police strategies work in one area but not in another?
a) All police agencies use the same strategies
b) Police organizations operate differently, which affects success
c) Strategies always work the same way everywhere
d) Local communities have no impact on policing strategies
b) Police organizations operate differently, which affects success
What does studying police types help us understand?
a) The core mission and priorities of different police agencies
b) Why all police agencies focus only on militarization
c) Why police departments should eliminate community policing
d) How to make all police agencies identical
a) The core mission and priorities of different police agencies
What affects how quickly police practices spread?
a) The way a police agency is organized
b) Federal government rules
c) Whether the strategy has been used for over 50 years
d) The number of officers in a department
a) The way a police agency is organized
What is an example of a police practice that spread quickly?
a) Use of body cameras
b) Elimination of police departments
c) A ban on all police technology
d) A rejection of modern policing strategies
a) Use of body cameras
LEMAS data was used to study how police organizations change over time. TRUE/ FALSE
TRUE
By 2013, police organizations in Southern California had become more different from one another. TRUE/FALSE
FALSE
The study suggests that police strategies remain unchanged over time. (Southern California) TRUE/FALSE
FALSE
Police agencies may define their role differently, with some focusing on law enforcement and others on community engagement. TRUE/FASLE
TRUE
The way a police agency is structured affects how it influences other agencies. TRUE/FALSE
TRUE
What is police legitimacy?
a) A property that makes the police more powerful than the government
b) A characteristic that leads people to feel the police should be obeyed
c) A set of strict rules that police must follow
d) The ability of the police to enforce laws through physical force
b) A characteristic that leads people to feel the police should be obeyed
A property of an authority or institution that leads people to feel that (the) authority is entitled to be deferred to and obeyed (Guilty feeling if not obeyed)
According to legitimacy theory, why do people stop at a stop sign on a rural farm road?
According to legitimacy theory, why do people stop at a stop sign on a rural farm road?
a) Fear of getting a ticket
b) Because they feel guilty if they break the law
c) To avoid an accident
d) Due to police presence nearby
b) Because they feel guilty if they break the law
(Guilty feeling if not obeyed)
(we stop cause we want to be law abiding citizen and if we don’t we feel guilt)
(legitimacy holds order)
Which of the following is NOT a way citizens show support for the police?
a) Behavioural compliance with the law
b) Behavioural cooperation with the police
c) Protesting against police policies
d) Willingness to support police discretion
c) Protesting against police policies
The instrumental model of legitimacy is based on which of the following?
a) Police treating citizens with dignity and respect
b) Creating credible threats for those who break rules
c) Giving people a voice in police decisions
d) Building trust between police and the community
b) Creating credible threats for those who break rules
if a police force is seen as effectively reducing crime or maintaining public safety, it may be considered legitimate because it meets the practical needs and expectations of the public.
Essentially, the focus of the instrumental model is on what the institution does rather than on how or why it governs.
Which of the following is NOT part of the procedural justice model?
a) Voice
b) Neutrality
c) Crime control effectiveness
d) Trustworthy motives
c) Crime control effectiveness
Which of the following is a key difference between the instrumental and procedural justice models?
a) Instrumental model relies on crime control, while procedural justice relies on fairness in interactions
b) Instrumental model is based on fairness, while procedural justice is based on punishment
c) Procedural justice focuses only on enforcing laws, while instrumental model focuses on public trust
d) Both models use the same approach to maintaining police legitimacy
a) Instrumental model relies on crime control, while procedural justice relies on fairness in interactions
What is an example of ‘voice’ in procedural justice?
a) Citizens being given a chance to express their views before police make a decision
b) Police enforcing laws without considering public input
c) Citizens following police orders without question
d) Police focusing on reducing crime statistics
a) Citizens being given a chance to express their views before police make a decision
How do people perceive police as legitimate in procedural justice?
a) When police strictly enforce laws without exceptions
b) When police explain their decisions and treat people fairly
c) When police create fear of punishment
d) When police use force to control crime
b) When police explain their decisions and treat people fairly
Which of the following describes ‘neutrality’ in procedural justice?
a) Police consistently applying the law and making unbiased decisions
b) Police using force to ensure compliance
c) Police prioritizing certain groups over others
d) Police focusing only on crime reduction
a) Police consistently applying the law and making unbiased decisions and be transparent
Which of the following is NOT a part of procedural justice?
a) Creating strong punishments to control crime
b) Giving people a voice in police decisions
c) Treating people with dignity and respect
d) Ensuring police make fair and unbiased decisions
a) Creating strong punishments to control crime
Which of the following are the four key components of Procedural Justice?
a) Voice, Neutrality, Dignity & Respect, Trustworthy Motives
b) Punishment, Authority, Control, Power
c) Crime Reduction, Community Support, Enforcement, Compliance
d) Fairness, Equality, Accountability, Protection
a) Voice, Neutrality, Dignity & Respect, Trustworthy Motives
What are the four benefits of procedural justice over the instrumental approach?
a) It builds intrinsic motivation for people to follow the law
b) It ensures strict punishment for all crimes
c) It removes all crime from a community
d) It depends on crime rates staying low
a) It builds intrinsic motivation for people to follow the law
Intrinsic motivations
No Alenation
Safe for citizens & officers
Easy to manipulate
Instrumental legitimacy focuses on treating people fairly rather than using punishment threats. TRUE/FALSE
FALSE
Correction: The instrumental model focuses on creating credible threats and controlling crime.
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of procedural justice?
a) It guarantees a lower crime rate
b) It prevents alienation between citizens and police
c) It ensures safety for both officers and citizens
d) It is easy to implement in policing strategies
a) It guarantees a lower crime rate
Legitimacy is the dominant predictor of citizens’ support for the police. TRUE/FALSE
TRUE
Procedural justice suggests that how police treat people affects whether they view police as legitimate. TRUE/FALSE
TRUE
Distributive fairness means police distribute resources and services equally across all communities. TRUE/FALSE
TRUE
The procedural justice model states that legitimacy is linked to crime rates. TRUE/FALSE
FALSE
Legitimacy in procedural justice depends on police behavior, not crime rates.
Police neutrality means officers make decisions based on emotions rather than fairness. TRUE/FALSE
FALSE
Correction: Neutrality means police make unbiased decisions and apply laws fairly.
Giving citizens a chance to express their views before a decision is made is part of procedural justice. TRUE/FASLE
TRUE
The instrumental model focuses on fairness in how police interact with people. TRUE/FALSE
FALSE
Correction: The instrumental model focuses on crime control and punishment threats.
Procedural justice reduces alienation between police and the public. TRUE/FALSE
TRUE
Police legitimacy has no effect on public cooperation. TRUE/FALSE
FALSE
Correction: When police are seen as legitimate, citizens are more likely to cooperate with them.
According to Chief Harj Sidhu, what is the most important aspect of policing?
a) Authority
b) Trust
c) Power
d) Intelligence
b) Trust
Why does Chief Sidhu emphasize the importance of trust in policing?
a) Trust ensures that police can act independently without public support
b) Trust allows police to enforce laws with strict authority
c) Trust helps officers connect with the community, provide support, and build relationships
d) Trust makes police more efficient in arresting criminals
c) Trust helps officers connect with the community, provide support, and build relationships
What word did Inspector Kathy Hartwig use to describe policing?
a) Respect
b) Courage
c) Justice
d) Leadership
b) Courage
Why does Inspector Kathy Hartwig believe courage is important in policing?
a) Courage helps officers avoid dangerous situations
b) Courage allows officers to always use force when necessary
c) Police must have the courage to make difficult decisions, take responsibility, and speak up for those who cannot
d) Officers need courage to follow orders without question
c) Police must have the courage to make difficult decisions, take responsibility, and speak up for those who cannot
According to Inspector Hartwig, why do police officers need courage when making arrests?
a) Arresting people is physically dangerous
b) Officers must act without thinking to be effective
c) Taking away someone’s liberty is a big responsibility and requires careful decision-making
d) Arresting people should always be avoided
c) Taking away someone’s liberty is a big responsibility and requires careful decision-making
What word did Inspector Adam Gander use to describe policing?
a) Power
b) Caring
c) Fairness
d) Strength
b) Caring
Why does Inspector Adam Gander believe caring is important in policing?
a) Officers who care can focus only on serious crimes
b) Officers who care about the community and their well-being will do their job better
c) Caring officers are less likely to enforce the law
d) The job of police is only to enforce the law, not to care about individuals
b) Officers who care about the community and their well-being will do their job better
According to Inspector Gander, why is it important to care about the officers themselves?
a) Officers need to be mentally and physically ready to help others
b) Officers should focus only on their own well-being
c) Caring about officers will reduce crime rates directly
d) Officers should prioritize personal interests over community needs
a) Officers need to be mentally and physically ready to help others
According to Inspector Adam Gander, what has been the most significant change in policing?
a) Community engagement
b) Technology
c) Leadership training
d) Public relations
b) Technology
How has technology changed police investigations, according to Inspector Gander?
a) It has made policing more difficult overall
b) Electronic devices such as body cams and dash cams provide more data to assist investigations
c) It has eliminated the need for police reports
d) Officers now rely only on technology rather than manual investigation
b) Electronic devices such as body cams and dash cams provide more data to assist investigations
What major changes in policing did Inspector Kathy Hartwig mention?
a) Gender equity and information management
b) Community policing and crime prevention
c) More use of force policies
d) Increased patrol presence
a) Gender equity and information management
Why does Inspector Hartwig believe information management is important?
a) It helps police control all public data
b) It prevents police from making any errors
c) Proper data storage and organization help avoid wrongful convictions
d) It allows officers to avoid civilian matters
c) Proper data storage and organization help avoid wrongful convictions
According to Chief Harj Sidhu, what is a challenge that comes with new technology?
a) Officers struggle to use modern technology
b) Criminals use advanced technology such as deepfake photos, making investigations harder
c) Technology is too expensive for police departments
d) Technology has made crime disappear
b) Criminals use advanced technology such as deepfake photos, making investigations harder
What two areas did Chief Sidhu highlight as the most significant changes in policing?
a) Crime reduction and police recruitment
b) Increased arrests and better training
c) Technology and accountability
d) Surveillance and undercover operations
c) Technology and accountability
According to Chief Harj Sidhu, what is key to balancing societal change and innovation in policing? (Status quo)
a) Explaining why changes are being made and involving people in the process
b) Ignoring public concerns and enforcing the law strictly
c) Making decisions without input from officers or the community
d) Increasing police presence without explaining new policies
a) Explaining why changes are being made and involving people in the process
What did Chief Sidhu emphasize regarding organizational decisions?
a) Only high-ranking officers should make decisions
b) Everyone, regardless of rank, should have a voice in the organization
c) Officers should focus only on enforcing laws, not policy changes
d) Policing should remain unchanged to avoid public confusion
b) Everyone, regardless of rank, should have a voice in the organization
How does Inspector Kathy Hartwig believe police leaders should approach change?
a) By ignoring research and relying on instincts
b) Through research and education
c) By making changes only when a crisis occurs
d) By enforcing changes without public consultation
b) Through research and education
What does Inspector Adam Gander believe the community wants from policing?
a) Less community interaction
b) More arrests and punishments
c) Visible police presence to feel safe and see tangible outcomes
d) A complete shift away from traditional policing
c) Visible police presence to feel safe and see tangible outcomes
Which of the following statements aligns with Chief Sidhu’s leadership approach?
a) Police leaders should implement changes without explaining them
b) Officers should avoid innovation to maintain public trust
c) Leaders should communicate changes clearly and involve different perspectives
d) Rank should determine who has a voice in decision-making
c) Leaders should communicate changes clearly and involve different perspectives
According to Inspector Adam Gander, what is the biggest challenge facing policing in the Lower Mainland?
a) Recruiting and retaining frontline officers
b) Increasing crime rates
c) Lack of public trust in policing
d) Technology making police work harder
a) Recruiting and retaining frontline officers
How is Inspector Gander’s agency addressing the staffing issue?
a) Offering higher salaries
b) Engaging young generations, such as high school students, to generate interest in policing
c) Lowering entry requirements
d) Hiring only experienced officers from other departments
b) Engaging young generations, such as high school students, to generate interest in policing
What challenge did Inspector Kathy Hartwig identify as a major issue in policing?
a) Increasing crime rates
b) Homelessness and mental health issues
c) Lack of officer training
d) Ineffective policing methods
b) Homelessness and mental health issues
What did Inspector Hartwig say about the role of police in handling homelessness?
a) Police should remove homeless individuals to solve the issue
b) The community should take full responsibility without police involvement
c) Police are often called to remove homeless individuals, but this does not solve the problem
d) Police should ignore calls related to homelessness
c) Police are often called to remove homeless individuals, but this does not solve the problem
What is a concern Kathy Hartwig mentioned about public perception of the police?
a) Police are viewed as too lenient
b) Police involvement in homelessness issues leads to distrust and negative views
c) Police officers are seen as too strict on crime
d) The public wants more officers on patrol
b) Police involvement in homelessness issues leads to distrust and negative views
According to Chief Harj Sidhu, what additional challenge do police officers face?
a) Lack of proper law enforcement technology
b) Mental wellness due to exposure to traumatic events
c) Low salaries compared to other professions
d) Poor communication with other agencies
b) Mental wellness due to exposure to traumatic events
How is Chief Sidhu’s agency addressing mental wellness challenges for officers?
a) Reducing work hours significantly
b) Providing wellness programs, resources, and support for officers’ mental and physical health
c) Offering mandatory therapy for all officers
d) Limiting officers’ exposure to crime scenes
b) Providing wellness programs, resources, and support for officers’ mental and physical health
Which of the following statements best summarizes Chief Sidhu’s view on mental wellness in policing?
a) Officers should be mentally strong and avoid seeking help
b) Police officers witness traumatic events, and agencies must support their wellness
c) Officers should avoid responding to dangerous situations
d) Public expectations for police mental wellness are too high
b) Police officers witness traumatic events, and agencies must support their wellness
According to Adam Gander, what is the key characteristic of officers who perform well across different police units?
a) Specialized training in a specific unit
b) Ability to think innovatively and remain professional
c) Strong emotional attachment to their work
d) High-ranking positions within the department
b) Ability to think innovatively and remain professional
What does Adam Gander believe is the most important factor in policing, regardless of unit?
a) Having the highest number of arrests
b) Staying neutral and setting emotions aside
c) Strict enforcement of all laws
d) Working in only one specialized unit
b) Staying neutral and setting emotions aside
Kathy Hartwig highlights which major difference between big city policing and small-town policing?
a) Big cities have more experienced officers
b) Small towns have higher crime rates
c) Big cities have more backup and resources, while small towns do not
d) Small towns enforce stricter laws than big cities
c) Big cities have more backup and resources, while small towns do not
What expectation do small-town communities often have regarding police response?
a) That officers will respond in the same way as big city police
b) That officers will use less force in emergencies
c) That policing will focus only on crime prevention
d) That officers will have more specialized units
a) That officers will respond in the same way as big city police
According to Kathy Hartwig, what makes people feel safer in their communities?
a) Strict law enforcement policies
b) Seeing police officers present
c) Increased use of surveillance technology
d) Fewer police interactions with the public
b) Seeing police officers present
How does Harj Sidhu describe the Delta Police Department’s approach to staying ahead in policing?
a) Focusing only on emergency responses
b) Building a proactive system focused on community safety and well-being
c) Increasing the number of arrests made per year
d) Reducing officer involvement in community events
b) Building a proactive system focused on community safety and well-being
Which of the following is part of the Delta Police Department’s strategy to enhance service delivery?
a) Reducing officer training requirements
b) Ignoring small community requests
c) Creating a directed activity response service
d) Increasing patrols without community engagement
c) Creating a directed activity response service
What does Harj Sidhu emphasize as an important factor in community policing?
a) Responding to and recognizing small community requests
b) Focusing solely on law enforcement
c) Increasing the use of undercover operations
d) Reducing community outreach programs
a) Responding to and recognizing small community requests
- According to Kathy Hartwig, how is good police work best defined?
A) Arresting as many criminals as possible
B) Documenting interactions and engaging with the public
C) Spending more time patrolling the streets
D) Responding only to high-priority crime calls
B) Documenting interactions and engaging with the public
Why does Harj Sidhu believe crime rate is not an accurate metric for measuring police performance?
A) Crime rates fluctuate too much to be reliable
B) 80% of police calls are not crime-related
C) It does not account for arrests made by officers
D) Crime rates are only useful in large cities
B) 80% of police calls are not crime-related
What does Harj Sidhu believe is a key aspect of good police work?
A) Writing detailed reports for every call
B) Focusing only on crime-related incidents
C) Treating everyone with respect and building relationships with the community
D) Using force when necessary to maintain public order
C) Treating everyone with respect and building relationships with the community
According to Adam Gander, what characteristic is important for new police recruits?
A) Specializing in one area of policing
B) Avoiding challenging situations
C) Being up for every challenge and showing perseverance
D) Following orders without question
C) Being up for every challenge and showing perseverance
What does Kathy Hartwig emphasize as a key trait for new police recruits?
A) Strict enforcement of the law
B) Being trauma-informed and understanding behavior
C) Prioritizing arrests over community engagement
D) Avoiding emotionally difficult situations
B) Being trauma-informed and understanding behavior
What does Harj Sidhu believe new police recruits must focus on?
A) Working independently without outside help
B) Making quick arrests to maintain order
C) Adapting to complex environments and ensuring people get the help they need
D) Relying only on traditional policing methods
C) Adapting to complex environments and ensuring people get the help they need
According to Routine Activities Theory, which of the following is NOT one of the three necessary elements for crime to occur?
A) A motivated offender
B) A capable guardian
C) A suitable target
D) The absence of a capable guardian
B) A capable guardian
What does Deterrence Theory suggest about crime?
A) Crime occurs when an offender is mentally unstable
B) Crime is more likely when the benefits outweigh the costs
C) Crime only occurs in areas with no law enforcement
D) Crime is random and cannot be predicted
B) Crime is more likely when the benefits outweigh the costs
What role do police play in Routine Activities Theory?
A) They act as capable guardians to prevent crime
B) They act as motivated offenders to deter criminals
C) They act as suitable targets in high-risk areas
D) They create motivated offenders by enforcing laws
A) They act as capable guardians to prevent crime
- What does spatial crime displacement mean?
A) Crime is prevented entirely by police presence
B) Crime shifts from one location to another due to police presence
C) Crime only occurs in wealthy areas due to law enforcement
D) Police reduce crime by eliminating all criminal opportunities
B) Crime shifts from one location to another due to police presence
How does temporal crime displacement occur?
A) Crime moves from one neighborhood to another
B) Criminals commit offenses at different times due to police presence
C) Police prevent all crimes permanently
D) Criminal activity remains unchanged despite police patrols
B) Criminals commit offenses at different times due to police presence
- What is the primary goal of increased police patrols?
A) To completely eliminate all crime
B) To create fear in the community
C) To deter criminal activity by increasing police visibility
D) To relocate crime to other areas
C) To deter criminal activity by increasing police visibility
Which of the following is a possible outcome of police patrols?
A) Crime reduction in all areas equally
B) Increased crime due to police presence
C) No change in crime rates regardless of patrol efforts
D) A shift in crime location or time rather than prevention
D) A shift in crime location or time rather than prevention
What was the main goal of the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment?
A) To test the effectiveness of police patrols in reducing crime and fear of crime
B) To evaluate how police officers respond to emergency calls
C) To determine if increasing police salaries improves performance
D) To study how different neighborhoods react to community policing
A) To test the effectiveness of police patrols in reducing crime and fear of crime
What were the three types of patrol strategies tested in the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment?
A) Community, Targeted, and Foot Patrol
B) Reactive, Proactive, and Control
C) Aggressive, Passive, and Strategic Patrol
D) General, Selective, and No Patrol
B) Reactive, Proactive, and Control
In the experiment, what did the ‘Reactive’ patrol strategy involve? (Kansas)
A) Doubling or tripling routine preventive patrols
B) Keeping the regular amount of patrol as usual
C) Eliminating routine patrol and only responding to calls for service
D) Using undercover officers instead of uniformed patrols
C) Eliminating routine patrol and only responding to calls for service
What was the key finding regarding crime rates in areas with increased patrols? (Kansas)
A) Crime rates significantly decreased
B) There was no significant change in crime rates
C) Crime rates increased due to over-policing
D) Citizens became more likely to report crimes
B) There was no significant change in crime rates
How did citizens perceive changes in police patrol levels? (Kansas)
A) They felt much safer with increased patrols
B) They noticed the changes but were indifferent
C) They did not notice any difference in patrol levels
D) They reported feeling more threatened with more patrols
C) They did not notice any difference in patrol levels
The study found that preventive patrol did NOT significantly impact which of the following crime types? (Kansas)
A) Burglary, auto theft, robbery
B) Homicide, drug-related offenses, human trafficking
C) Public intoxication, trespassing, gambling
D) Cybercrime, fraud, white-collar crime
A) Burglary, auto theft, robbery
What method was used to collect data in the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment?
A) Interviews with police officers only
B) Surveys, crime reports, arrests, and observations
C) Only analyzing 911 call data
D) Tracking individual officers’ daily reports
B) Surveys, crime reports, arrests, and observations
One of the major conclusions of the study was that:
(Kansas)
A) More police patrols reduce crime significantly
B) Routine patrols have little effect on crime rates and fear of crime
C) Police presence automatically increases citizen trust
D) Officers should focus only on responding to emergency calls
B) Routine patrols have little effect on crime rates and fear of crime
What was one major issue with the study’s implementation? (Kansas)
A) The sample size was too small to be representative
B) Officers were not following the patrol instructions properly
C) The study was conducted only in rural areas
D) The study failed to collect crime data
B) Officers were not following the patrol instructions properly
What spatial issue was identified as a limitation in the study? (Kansas)
A) The study only focused on small suburban towns
B) Crime may have been displaced to areas outside the studied beats
C) Officers patrolled random locations instead of assigned beats
D) Only high-crime neighborhoods were included in the study
B) Crime may have been displaced to areas outside the studied beats
What was the main motivation behind the Minneapolis Hot Spots Policing Experiment?
A) To test if police presence can reduce crime in high-crime locations
B) To prove that police presence has no impact on crime rates
C) To measure how citizens feel about police patrols
D) To compare the effectiveness of foot patrol versus vehicle patrol
A) To test if police presence can reduce crime in high-crime locations
How were the hot spots in the study identified? (Minneapolis)
A) Random selection of locations across Minneapolis
B) A survey of residents about high-crime areas
C) A cluster of addresses with many calls for service
D) Areas with the most police officers assigned
C) A cluster of addresses with many calls for service
How many total hot spots were included in the study? Minneapolis
A) 55
B) 75
C) 100
D) 110
D) 110
What was the goal of the intensified but intermittent patrol at the experimental hot spots? Minneapolis
A) Officers would be stationed permanently in hot spots
B) Each hot spot received 3 hours of patrol per day
C) Officers would increase arrest quotas in these areas
D) Police officers were undercover in these locations
B) Each hot spot received 3 hours of patrol per day
What was one common characteristic of a typical hot spot? Minneapolis
A) They were all located in residential areas with single-family homes
B) They usually included commercial services, food and drink locations, and bus stops
C) They were limited to one address per hot spot
D) They were mostly abandoned buildings with no police presence
B) They usually included commercial services, food and drink locations, and bus stops
What percentage reduction in total crime calls was observed in experimental hot spots? Minneapolis
A) 1-5%
B) 6-13%
C) 20-25%
D) 30-40%
B) 6-13%
What was the observed reduction in disorder at the experimental hot spots? Minneapolis
A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%
C) 50%
What was one potential issue identified in the study? Minneapolis
A) Displacement of crime to other areas
B) Officers not wanting to stay in the same location for long periods
C) Crime rates increased in the control group
D) Police refused to participate in the study
B) Officers not wanting to stay in the same location for long periods
Fidelity (officer boredom) wouldn’t want to sit in same spot for a long time
One issue with the Minneapolis Hot Spots Policing Experiment was that the researchers did not know what specific actions the police took at the hot spots. Why was this a problem?
A) It made it difficult to determine whether the reduction in crime was caused by the officers’ presence or their actions
B) It led to an increase in violent crime in other areas
C) Officers were not actually patrolling the hot spots
D) Citizens did not notice any change in police presence
A) It made it difficult to determine whether the reduction in crime was caused by the officers’ presence or their actions
Police actions at the hot spots (we don’t know their action and if the actions related to the reduction in hot spots)
What was the concern regarding displacement in the Minneapolis Hot Spots Policing Experiment? Minneapolis
A) That criminals would simply move their activities to other areas with less police presence
B) That crime would completely stop in the experimental areas
C) That officers would be unable to find hot spots
D) That citizens would stop reporting crimes
A) That criminals would simply move their activities to other areas with less police presence
Displacement (Although there was reduction there wasn’t a displacement issue)
What was a surprising finding about displacement in this study? Minneapolis
A) Crime displacement was severe and negated the effects of increased patrol
B) There was no significant evidence of crime displacement
C) Crime moved entirely to the control hot spots
D) Criminals started targeting police officers instead
B) There was no significant evidence of crime displacement
Why is it difficult to determine the exact cause of crime reduction in the hot spots? Minneapolis
A) The study did not collect any crime data
B) Police actions at the hot spots were not well-documented
C) The reduction in crime was temporary
D) Crime was not actually reduced
B) Police actions at the hot spots were not well-documented
What is a major limitation of hot spots policing research? Minneapolis
A) It has consistently shown that police presence does not reduce crime
B) There is little research on the specific tactics officers use in hot spots
C) It only works in rural areas, not urban settings
D) Hot spots policing has led to an increase in overall crime rates
B) There is little research on the specific tactics officers use in hot spots
What was the primary goal of foot patrol in the Philadelphia Policing Tactics Experiment?
A) To increase officer response time to crimes
B) To reduce police visibility in high-crime areas
C) To increase officer presence and deter crime
D) To arrest more offenders
C) To increase officer presence and deter crime
Which of the following is NOT a common problem associated with foot patrol? Philadelphia
A) Limited speed and distance coverage
B) Lack of transportation for equipment
C) Ineffective crime deterrence in all cases
D) Building rapport with the community
D) Building rapport with the community
What is the primary focus of problem-oriented policing? Philadelphia
A) Reacting quickly to crimes as they occur
B) Identifying and solving underlying problems contributing to crime
C) Increasing police patrol presence in all neighborhoods
D) Arresting as many offenders as possible
B) Identifying and solving underlying problems contributing to crime
Which model is commonly used in problem-oriented policing? Philadelphia
A) Routine Activities Theory
B) The SARA Model
C) Kansas City Preventive Model
D) Hot Spots Policing Model
B) The SARA Model
In the SARA model, what does the ‘Response’ phase involve? Philadelphia
A) Identifying the root cause of crime
B) Determining what can be done to improve the problem
C) Scanning the environment for criminal activity
D) Assessing whether the response was effective
B) Determining what can be done to improve the problem
Offender-focused policing aims to deter crime by:
Philadelphia
A) Targeting and increasing the certainty of arrest for highly active offenders
B) Increasing the use of foot patrol to deter offenders
C) Conducting random stops in high-crime areas
D) Increasing penalties for all crimes
A) Targeting and increasing the certainty of arrest for highly active offenders
What were the three policing tactics tested in the Philadelphia Policing Tactics Experiment?
A) Community policing, foot patrol, and surveillance
B) Routine patrol, emergency response, and traffic enforcement
C) Foot patrol, problem-oriented policing, and offender-focused policing
D) Probation checks, SWAT intervention, and intelligence-led policing
C) Foot patrol, problem-oriented policing, and offender-focused policing
What was the duration of the policing tactics in the experiment? Philadelphia
A) 2 to 6 weeks
B) 8 to 10 weeks
C) 12 to 24 weeks
D) 30 to 50 weeks
C) 12 to 24 weeks
What was the major challenge in implementing the three policing strategies? Philadelphia
A) Lack of funding for police resources
B) Difficulties in maintaining consistency and officer participation
C) Resistance from the community
D) Police officers refusing to engage in the program
B) Difficulties in maintaining consistency and officer participation
Which policing tactic showed the greatest reduction in violent crime? Philadelphia
A) Foot patrol
B) Problem-oriented policing
C) Offender-focused policing
D) Routine patrol
C) Offender-focused policing
How much did violent crime decrease in offender-focused policing sites? Philadelphia
A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 42%
D) 60%
C) 42%
What concept explains why offender-focused policing not only reduced crime at targeted locations but also had positive effects in surrounding areas? Philadelphia
A) Routine Activities Theory
B) Deterrence Theory
C) Displacement Effect
D) Diffusion of Benefits
D) Diffusion of Benefits
For example, if police increase patrols in one neighborhood to stop car thefts, criminals might avoid stealing cars in nearby areas too, even if police aren’t focusing there. This creates an extra benefit without extra effort.
Why did foot patrol and problem-oriented policing fail to reduce violent crime? Philadelphia
A) They were not properly implemented due to resource limitations
B) Officers were unable to gather intelligence on crime patterns
C) Criminals quickly adapted and avoided areas with these tactics
D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Who were the authors of the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment (1972)?
a) Sherman and Weisburd
b) Kelling, Pate, Dieckman, and Brown
c) Braga and Weisburd
d) Goldstein and Wilson
b) Kelling, Pate, Dieckman, and Brown
Who conducted the Minneapolis Hot Spots Policing Experiment (1995)?
a) Weisburd and Braga
b) Goldstein and Kelling
c) Sherman and Weisburd
d) Pate and Brown
c) Sherman and Weisburd
Which researchers were responsible for the Philadelphia Policing Tactics Experiment?
a) Braga, Hinkle, Weisburd, and Lawton
b) Kelling and Wilson
c) Pate and Dieckman
d) Sherman and Goldstein
a) Braga, Hinkle, Weisburd, and Lawton
Why were women historically excluded from policing?
a) They lacked the necessary education
b) They were perceived as physically and temperamentally unsuited for police work
c) Police departments did not want to pay female officers
d) Women preferred working in other fields
b) They were perceived as physically and temperamentally unsuited for police work
Which police department hired the first two female police constables in Canada?
a) Toronto Police Service
b) Vancouver Police Department
c) Montreal Police Service
d) Calgary Police Service
b) Vancouver Police Department
In what year were the first two female police constables hired in Canada?
a) 1895
b) 1912
c) 1920
d) 1935
b) 1912
What were the names of the first two female police constables hired in Canada?
a) Lurancy Harris and Minnie Miller
b) Mary Johnson and Sarah White
c) Alice Wilson and Jane Parker
d) Margaret Smith and Helen Jones
a) Lurancy Harris and Minnie Miller
When women first entered policing, their roles were often limited to which of the following jobs?
a) Homicide investigation
b) Undercover narcotics work
c) Clerical support, family counseling, and juvenile delinquency cases
d) Traffic enforcement and riot control
c) Clerical support, family counseling, and juvenile delinquency cases
Where did early female police officers typically conduct their work?
a) On foot patrol in high-crime areas
b) In police stations, away from the dangers of the streets
c) In specialized SWAT teams
d) In community patrol vehicles
b) In police stations, away from the dangers of the streets
How were female officers visibly distinguished from their male counterparts?
a) They wore different styles of uniforms
b) They had different police badges
c) They were only allowed to wear skirts
d) They wore name tags with a “W” for “woman”
a) They wore different styles of uniforms
Which of the following was a common difference in equipment between male and female officers in early policing?
a) Women were not equipped with weaponry like their male counterparts
b) Women were given larger firearms
c) Women were required to carry extra gear
d) Women were issued tasers instead of guns
a) Women were not equipped with weaponry like their male counterparts
What division were Constables Harris and Miller assigned to in the VPD?
a) Juvenile Crime Unit
b) Women’s Protective Division
c) Family Disputes Division
d) Victim Services Unit
b) Women’s Protective Division
What were the primary duties of female officers in the Women’s Protective Division?
a) Investigating violent crimes
b) Handling traffic enforcement cases
c) Handling cases involving women and juveniles
d) Conducting undercover drug investigations
c) Handling cases involving women and juveniles
Which of the following lists the milestones for female officers in the Vancouver Police Department (VPD) in the correct order?
a) First female detective → Equal pay → First female motorcycle officer → First female dog handler → Allowed to work same patrol duties
b) Equal pay → Allowed to work same patrol duties → First female detective → First female dog handler → First female motorcycle officer
c) Allowed to work same patrol duties → First female detective → First female dog handler → First female motorcycle officer → Equal pay
d) First female motorcycle officer → First female dog handler → First female detective → Allowed to work same patrol duties → Equal pay
b) Equal pay → Allowed to work same patrol duties → First female detective → First female dog handler → First female motorcycle officer
Which major change occurred for female officers in the VPD in 1973?
a) They were promoted to senior ranks
b) They were allowed to work the same patrol duties as male officers and carry firearms on duty
c) They were assigned to community policing only
d) They were required to wear the same uniforms as male officers
b) They were allowed to work the same patrol duties as male officers and carry firearms on duty
When was the first female detective appointed in the VPD?
a) 1956
b) 1975
c) 1980
d) 1995
b) 1975
According to research, why are female and male police officers not significantly different in their attitudes and behaviors?
a) Male officers are naturally more authoritative than female officers
b) Both genders are influenced more by organizational and task characteristics than gender roles
c) Female officers are trained separately from male officers
d) Male officers tend to socialize only with other male officers
b) Both genders are influenced more by organizational and task characteristics than gender roles
What is the first mechanism explaining why female and male officers are similar?
a) Female officers tend to be more empathetic
b) Male officers dominate decision-making
c) Organizational and task characteristics influence both genders, and police culture creates conformity
d) Female officers are not given the same training
c) Organizational and task characteristics influence both genders, and police culture creates conformity
What is the second mechanism explaining why female and male officers are similar?
a) Self-selection creates a group of officers who already share similar characteristics
b) Female officers tend to adopt the behaviors of male officers
c) Police agencies force all recruits to behave the same
d) Female officers are trained to act tougher than they naturally would
a) Self-selection creates a group of officers who already share similar characteristics
On -the - job socialization forces convergence in offiercs ideology and practices (Come in as different individuals but after training and go out of academy they are all same officers uniform, same training and more)
There are expectations that influence their police life ex-> newbies sit at the front and senior officers in the back if they do they will be stigmatized) police agencies change the person / because police culture is so strong)
What does the “self-selection” mechanism suggest about why female and male police officers are similar?
a) Officers are trained to act the same after joining the force
b) People who choose to become officers share similar traits regardless of gender
c) Female officers are pressured to behave like male officers
d) Police agencies only recruit people with specific personality types
b) People who choose to become officers share similar traits regardless of gender
you would be alike with the opposite gender who would want to be a officer instead of same gender individuals which share many similarities (makes same pool of people before the job)
According to Gilligan’s theory of morality, how do men and women typically differ in their moral reasoning?
a) Men focus on justice, while women emphasize care
b) Women focus on justice, while men emphasize care
c) Both men and women prioritize justice equally
d) Men and women have no differences in moral reasoning
a) Men focus on justice, while women emphasize care
What is one reason women’s role orientation in policing may differ from men’s?
a) Differences in physical strength
b) Gender socialization and workplace exclusion
c) Higher pay and promotions
d) Increased community involvement
b) Gender socialization and workplace exclusion
How does traditional police culture influence perceptions of citizens?
a) It fosters a sense of unity and public trust
b) It creates an “us versus them” mentality, with women potentially being less supportive due to exclusion from the masculine subculture
c) It encourages positive relationships with the community
d) It strengthens public confidence in the police
b) It creates an “us versus them” mentality, with women potentially being less supportive due to exclusion from the masculine subculture
Why might women officers be less satisfied with their workplace? Perceptions of the workplace
a) Higher salaries and benefits
b) Outsider status, isolation, harassment, and disapproval from colleagues
c) Better relationships with senior officers
d) Increased opportunities for career advancement
b) Outsider status, isolation, harassment, and disapproval from colleagues
How does exclusion from the informal support network affect women in policing?
Occupational integration
a) It has no impact on their career satisfaction
b) It may lead them to minimize their investment in the job and career aspirations
c) It strengthens their commitment to the police force
d) It encourages them to develop stronger relationships with their colleagues
b) It may lead them to minimize their investment in the job and career aspirations
What was the primary focus of Worden’s 1993 study?
a) The relationship between police departments and the public
b) Comparing female and male police officers’ attitudes and perceptions
c) The effects of police uniforms on officer behavior
d) The role of police officers in crime prevention
b) Comparing female and male police officers’ attitudes and perceptions
What key finding did Worden (1993) observe regarding male and female officers?
a) Women officers were generally more aggressive than male officers
b) Both male and female officers exhibited similar attitudes toward their roles and colleagues
c) Women officers were less positive about their colleagues
d) Male officers had a stronger sense of job satisfaction
b) Both male and female officers exhibited similar attitudes toward their roles and colleagues
According to Worden (1993), how did experience affect female officers?
a) Female officers became less enthusiastic with time
b) Women’s views converged toward those of male officers as they were socialized into police work
c) Female officers’ attitudes became more negative over time
d) Experience had no impact on the views of female officers
b) Women’s views converged toward those of male officers as they were socialized into police work
What did Guajardo (2016) find about female officers in the NYPD?
a) Female officers were overrepresented in supervisory positions
b) Female officers remain underrepresented in supervisory and command staff positions
c) Female officers had greater representation in command staff positions than male officers
d) Female officers were equally represented in all staff positions
b) Female officers remain underrepresented in supervisory and command staff positions
According to Schuk (2014), how do police agencies with higher female officer representation differ?
a) They have less positive public relations
b) They differ in characteristics from agencies with less female representation
c) They have more aggressive tactics
d) They experience lower rates of job satisfaction among officers
b) They differ in characteristics from agencies with less female representation
