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NAVLE - Bovine > Poisonous Plants > Flashcards

Poisonous Plants Flashcards

1
Q

What are 4 common cyanide/cyanogen containing plants?

A
  1. Chokecherry - Prunus spp
  2. Vetch
  3. Hydrangea
  4. Johnson grass - Sorghum
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2
Q

What is the mechanism of toxicity of cyanide?

A
  • absorbed from the GI tract and inhibits mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase
  • oxyhemoglobin cannot release oxygen for electron transport in the cytochrome system
  • this leads to cellular hypoxia
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3
Q

When do clinical signs of cyanide toxicity occur? What is seen?

A

commonly within 10-15 mins of ingestion

  • excitement, muscle tremors
  • dyspnea
  • salivation
  • urination and defecation
  • acute death is commonly the only sign
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4
Q

What are the 2 key finding associated with cyanide toxicosis?

A
  1. bright red blood (cherry-colored) and mucous membranes
  2. hydrogen cyanide gas in the rumen may have a bitter almond smell
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5
Q

What 2 treatments are used for cyanide toxicosis?

A
  1. sodium nitrate - creates methemoglobin, which has a greater affinity for cyanide than cytochrome oxidase, thus stripping cyanide from the enzyme
  2. sodium thiosulfate - reacts with cyanide to form thiocyanate, which can be excreted in the urine
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6
Q

What are 3 common nitrate-accumulating plants?

A
  1. Pigweed - Amaranthus
  2. Nightshade - Solanum
  3. Sorghym

(+ oat hay, rye, alfalfa)

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7
Q

What is the mechanism of toxicity of nitrate?

A

cause methemoglobinemia, leading to dark brown or chocolate-colored blood, which has diminished oxygen-carrying capacity

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8
Q

What clinical signs are indicative of nitrate toxicity?

A
  • muddy mucous membranes
  • dyspnea
  • tremors, convulsions
  • ataxia
  • tachycardia
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9
Q

What treatment used for nitrate toxicity?

A

1% methylene blue - reduced methemoglobin

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10
Q

What are 5 common cardiotoxic plants?

A
  1. Oleander - Nerium oleander (oleandrin, neriine)
  2. Foxglove - Digitalis purpurea (increase contractility and decrease HR via vagal stimulation, prolonging diastole)
  3. Lily-of-the-valley - Convallaria majalis
  4. Yew - Taxus cupsidata (taxine alkaloids A and B, inhibit cardiac depolarization)
  5. Azalea (rhododendron) - andromedeotoxins bind membrane sodium channels, leading to excitation and movement of calcium intracellularly
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11
Q

What clinical signs are indicative of cardiotoxic plant toxicity?

A
  • salivation, nausea, vomiting
  • hematochezia
  • weakness
  • bradycardia, hypotension
  • AV block
  • collapse and acute death
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12
Q

What are 5 options for treating potential cardiotoxic plant ingestion?

A
  1. small animals - induce emesis if recent ingestion and minimal signs of weakness
  2. activated charcoal
  3. supportive care - IV fluids, supplemental oxygen
  4. severe bradycardia - Atropine
  5. AV block - isoproterenol, procainamide, quinidine
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13
Q

What plant most commonly causes primary photosensitization?

A

St. Johns Wort - Hypericum perforatum

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14
Q

What 5 plants most commonly cause secondary photosensitization?

A
  1. Rape - Brassica
  2. blue-green algae - Microcystis
  3. Groundsel - Senecio
  4. Crotolaria
  5. Amsinckia intermedia
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15
Q

What is photosensitization?

A

increased susceptibility to UV light damage

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16
Q

Where on the body are animals most commonly affected by photosensitization? In what areas of the world is this most common?

A
  • white-skinned area of the dorsum and lateral body wall
  • thin and non-pigmented areas, like the sclera, udders, and muzzle

regions and seasons of more intense sunlight

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17
Q

What are the 2 types of photosensitization?

A

PRIMARY - ingested or absorbed agent is or is metabolized to become photodynamic (high energy molecule is exposed to UV light and causes membrane and free radical damage) –> better prognosis, usually restricted to the skin

SECONDARY - impaired hepatic function reduces excretion of plant pigments (phylloerythrin, a chlorophyll breakdown product) –> liver and skin damage

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18
Q

What clinical signs are indicative of photosensitization?

A
  • erythema, edema, peeling (sunburn)
  • pruritus
  • hyperesthesia
  • exudation, ulceration

(most common on poorly pigmented skin!)

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19
Q

What animal is most commonly affected by ingesting lupine? What is the toxic principle?

A

sheep

lupinine - quinolizidine alkaloid that induced nicotinic effects on the CNS

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20
Q

What clinical signs are indicative of lupine toxicosis in sheep?

A
  • salivation
  • incoordination
  • head-pressing, aimless wandering
  • excitement
  • muscle tremors, seizures
  • dyspnea
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21
Q

How does lupine toxicosis compare in cows vs. sheep?

A

teratogen in cattle, but not sheep

  • causes crooked calf syndrome to those exposed in utero days 40-70 of gestation = torticollis, scoliosis, carpal flexure
22
Q

What is the toxic principle of poison hemlock?

A

coniine and pyridine-type alkaloids cause CNS effects

(Conium maculatum)

23
Q

What clinical signs are indicative of poison hemlock toxicosis?

A
  • salivation
  • vomiting, diarrhea
  • muscle tremors, weakness, convulsions
  • death from respiratory failure
24
Q

What animals are most susceptible to larkspur toxicosis? What is the toxic principle?

A

cattle

polycyclic diterpene alkaloids - neuromuscular blocker, cholinergic and nicotinic antagonist

(Delphinium)

25
Q

What clinical signs are indicative of larkspur toxicosis in cattle?

A
  • bloat
  • excitability
  • muscle tremors, stiffness, paresis, seizures
  • arrhythmias
  • death from respiratory paralysis
26
Q

What are 3 parts to treating larkspur toxicosis in cattle?

A
  1. physostigmine - reverse neuromuscular blockade
  2. relieve bloat
  3. decontaminate and supportive care
27
Q

Other than nitrates, what are 2 toxins found in nightshade (Solanum)?

A
  1. glycoalkaloid - GI irritant
  2. aglycone - neurotoxin
28
Q

What clinical signs are indicative of nightshade (Solanum) toxicosis?

A
  • anorexia, nausea
  • abdominal pain
  • vomiting, diarrhea
  • apathy
  • paresis/paralysis
  • prostration
  • unconsciousness
29
Q

What are the 2 toxic principle of bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum)?

A
  1. thiaminase - cleaves vitamin B1 –> polioencephalomalacia
  2. ptaquiloside - alkylates DNA, leading to carcinogenicity and bone marrow suppression in ruminants
30
Q

What clinical signs are indicative of bracken fern toxicosis in large animals? What toxin causes specific signs in ruminants?

A
  • incoordination
  • standing with legs apart
  • depression
  • muscle tremors, ataxia
  • blindness, retinal degeneration

ptaquiloside - BM suppression, hemorrhage, anemia, elevated pyruvic acid, tumors in bladder and other organs

31
Q

What toxin in bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) causes specific signs in ruminants? What is commonly seen?

A

ptaquiloside

  • BM suppression
  • hemorrhage, anemia
  • elevated pyruvic acid
  • tumors in bladder and other organs
32
Q

How is bracken fern toxicity treated?

A
  • injectable thiamine
  • no treatment for ptaquiloside
33
Q

What species are most susceptible to black walnut (Juglans nigra) intoxication? What is a common source?

A

horses

sawdust or shavings from black walnut trees used in bedding

34
Q

What clinical signs are most commonly seen in black walnut toxicity?

A
  • acute onset of laminitis –> may progress to necrosis of dorsal laminae
  • distal limb edema
  • fever
35
Q

What treatments are recommended for black walnut toxicosis?

A
  • remove source and decontaminate GI tract with mineral oil or activated charcoal
  • wash legs and feet
  • treat for laminitis
36
Q

What is the toxic principle found in castor beans (Ricinus communis)?

A

ricin - highly toxic glycoprotein

37
Q

What clinical signs are associated with castor bean toxicosis?

A
  • anorexia
  • vomiting, diarrhea
  • weakness
  • muscle spasms
  • uremia
  • sweating, ataxia (horse)
  • extensive organ edema and damage
38
Q

What is the toxic principle found in cottonseed? What species are most commonly affected?

A

gossypol - cardiotoxic

young cattle, sheep, and pigs

39
Q

What clinical signs are associated with cottonseed toxicity?

A
  • anorexia
  • red urine
  • thin, pot-bellied appearance
  • poor performance
  • sudden death due to heart failure
40
Q

What clinical signs are associated with dumbcane toxicosis?

A
  • irritation of mucous membranes
  • ptyalism
  • edematous swelling of tongue and lips
  • difficulty swallowing or breathing

(Dieffenbachia)

41
Q

What clinical signs are associated with locoweed toxicosis?

A
  • ataxia, hypermetria
  • clicking of dewclaws (cracker heels)
  • conscious proprioceptive deficits
  • emaciation
  • emphysema (sheep)
  • abortions, teratogenesis (contracted tendons)

(Astralgus, Oxytropis)

42
Q

What is the toxic principle seen in waterhemlock? What clinical signs are associated?

A

cicutoxin - highly toxic to cattle and horses

  • acute violent tetanic seizures resembling strychnine poisoning
  • rapid progression from salivation to muscle twitching, seizures, coma, and death
43
Q

What does yellow star thistle cause?

A

nigropallidal encephalopmalacia (Chewing Disease) in horses

(Centaurea solstitiallis)

44
Q

What is a classic sign associated with yellow star thistle toxicosis? What is also seen?

A

chewing and dropping food

  • inability to eat or drink due to dystonia to muscles of lips and tongue
  • continuous chewing motions with an empty mouth
  • jamming food into mouth in desperation
  • similar to early signs of rabies!
45
Q

What is the toxic principle seen in perilla mint? What does it lead to?

A

perilla ketone –> pulmonary edema and pleural effusion

46
Q

What clinical signs are associated with perilla mint toxicosis?

A
  • respiratory distress (on exhalation) due to atypical interstitial edema and emphysema
  • nasal discharge
47
Q

What is the toxic principle found in Western false hellebore (Veratum californium)? What animals are most commonly affected?

A

cyclopamine –> teratogenic!

sheep, stillborn lambs

48
Q

What does the effect of Western false hellebore (Veratum californium) depend on? What is seen?

A

stage of gestation

  • day 14 = classic cyclopean deformity (monkey-faced lambs)
  • day 17-18 = hind limb motor nerve paralysis
  • day 12-30 = craniofacial deformities (cleft palate, harelip, brachygnathia)
  • day 30-36 = shortened leg from metacarpal and metatarsal bone hypoplasia
49
Q

What is the toxic principle in white snakeroot (Eupatorium ragosum)? What animals are most commonly affected?

A

trematone (ketone) –> passed to young in milk

horse and cattle

50
Q

What clinical signs are associated with white snakeroot (Eupatorium ragosum) toxicity?

A
  • weakness, depression
  • myocardial necrosis and congestive heart failure –> ventral edema, jugular pulse, tachycardia (horses)
  • ataxia, depression, muscle tremors, acetone breath (cattle)
51
Q

What does red maple (Acer rubrum) toxicity lead to? What clinical signs are associated?

A

RBC lysis in horses

  • depression
  • icterus
  • anemia
  • hemoglobinemia, heomglobinuria
52
Q

What does Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) toxicity cause?

A

abortions characterized by weak contractions, excessive discharge, a small calf, and retained fetal membranes

NAVLE - Bovine (11 decks)

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