PoF

Question 1

Gas equation

Answer 1

p = ρ • R • T

• p = pressure [N/m²]*
• ρ = density [kg/m²]*
• R = gas constant*
• T = temperature [K]*

Question 2

Load factor

Answer 2

• n = load factor*
• L = lift [N]*
• W = weight [N]*

Question 3

Load factor in turn

Answer 3

• n_T = load factor in turn*
• φ​ = bank angle [x°]*

Question 4

Climb gradient

Answer 4

• CG = climb gradient [%]*
• T = thrust [N]*
• D = drag [N]*
• W = weight [N]*

Question 6

New stall speed with changing load factor

Answer 6

• V_s = stall speed [kt]*
• V_s1g = minimum speed where L = W (steady horizontal flight) [kt]*
• n = given load factor*

Question 7

New stall speed with changing mass/weight

Answer 7

• V_{s new} = new stall speed [kt]*
• V_{s old} = old stall speed [kt]*
• W_new = new weight [N] (can be mass [kg])*
• W_old = old weight [N] (can be mass [kg])*

Question 8

Bank angle

Answer 8

• φ​ = bank angle [x°]*
• v = velocity [m/s]*
• r = radius [m]*
• g = gravitational force [m/s²]*

Question 9

Radius

Answer 9

• r = radius [m]*
• v = velocity [m/s]*
• φ​ = bank angle [x°]*
• g = gravitational force [m/s²]*

Question 10

Rate of turn

Answer 10

• RoT = rate of turn [radials/s]*
• φ​ = bank angle [x°]*
• g = gravitational force [m/s²]*
• v = velocity [m/s]*

Question 12

Local speed of sound

Answer 12

• a = local speed of sound [kt]*
• T = temperature [K]*

Question 13

Mach number

Answer 13

• M = Mach number*
• TAS = true airspeed [kt]*
• a = local speed of sound [kt]*

Question 14

Mach angle

Answer 14

• μ = Mach angle [x°]*
• a = local speed of sound [kt]*
• TAS = true airspeed [kt]*
• M = Mach number*

Question 15

Climb gradient alternatives

Answer 15

• CG = climb gradient [%]*
• h = height [m]*
• d = distance [m] (can be different, as long as h and d have the same unit)*
• RoC = rate of climb [ft/min]*
• TAS = true airspeed [ft/min]*

Question 17

Lift formula

Answer 17

L = ½ • ρ • v² • S • C_L

• L = lift [N]*
• ρ = density [kg/m²]*
• v = true airspeed [m/s]*
• S = wing surface area [m²]*
• C_L = lift coefficient*

Question 18

Load factor change with gusts (speed change)

Answer 18

• n = load factor in disturbance*
• V_new = speed after disturbance*
• V_old = speed in straight and level flight*

Question 24

Circumference/area of a circle

Answer 24

C = 2 • π • r

A = π • r²

• C = circumference of circle [m]*
• A = area of circle [m²]*
• r = radius [m]*

Question 29

Cross-/head-/tailwind components

Answer 29

XWC = V_wind • sin(wa)

HWC or TWC = V_wind • cos(wa)

• XWC = crosswind component*
• HWC = headwind component*
• TWC = tailwind component*
• V_wind = wind speed (wind speed and components same unit)*
• wa = wind angle [x°] (never more than 90°)*

Question 30

Load factor in climb/descent

Answer 30

n = cos(γ)

• n = load factor*
• γ = climb/descent angle [x°]*

Question 32

Moment

Answer 32

M = F • a

• M = moment [Nm]*
• F = force [N]*
• a = arm [m]*

Question 33

Mass flow

Answer 33

mass flow = A • ρ • v

• A = cross section area [m²]*
• ρ = density [kg/m²]*
• v = velocity*