POB Top 50

Question 1

Concept:

medical model myth

Answer 1

An erroneous view of human behavior
that behavior is always a mere symptom of
an underlying psychological condition.

Question 2

General Rule:

the don’t say rule

Answer 2

With nonverbal organisms, don't say
expects,
knows,
thinks,
figures out,
in order to (or so that he/she, or it could...),
trying to,
makes the connection,
associates,
learns that,
imagines,
understands
With any organisms, don't say
want

Question 3

Concept:

social validity

Answer 3

The goals,
procedures, and
results of an intervention
are socially acceptable to
the client,
the behavior analyst, and
society.

Question 4

Principle:

the law of effect

Answer 4

The effects of our actions

determine whether we will repeat them.

Question 5

Concept:

penalty contingency

Answer 5

The response-contingent
removal of
a reinforcer (positive reinforcer)
resulting in a decreased frequency of that response.

Question 6

Principle:

spontaneous recovery

Answer 6

A tamporary recovery of the extinguished behavior
during the first part of each of the extinction sessions
that follow the first extinction session.

Question 7

Principle:

extinction

Answer 7

Stopping the reinforcement or escape contingency
for a previously reinforced response
causes the response frequency to decrease.

Question 8

Concept:

task analysis

Answer 8

An analysis of complex behavior
and sequences of behavior
into their component responses.

Question 9

Concept:

single-subject research design

Answer 9

The entire experiment is conducted with a single subject,

though it may be replicated with several other subjects.

Question 10

Concept:

response topography

Answer 10

The sequence (path of movement),
form,
or location
of components of a response
relative to the rest of the body.

Question 11

Principle:

Premack principle

Answer 11

If one activity occurs more often than another,
the opportunity to do the more frequent activity
will reinforce the less frequent activity.

Question 12

Procedure:

motivating operation

Answer 12

A procedure or condition
that affects learning and performance
with respect to a particular reinforcer or aversive condition.

Question 13

Principle:

value-altering principle

Answer 13

The pairing procedure
converts a neutral stimulus into
a learned reinforcer
or learned aversive stimulus.

Question 14

Concept:

generalized learned reinforcer

Answer 14

A learned reinforcer that is a reinforcer

because it has been paired with a variety of other reinforcers.

Question 15

Concept:

token economy

Answer 15

A system of generalized learned reinforcer
in which the organism that receives those generalized reinforcers can save them
and exchange them for a variety of backup reinforcers later.

Question 16

Concept:

discrimination training procedure

Answer 16

Reinforcing or punishing a response
in the presence of one stimulus
and extinguishing it
or allowing it to recover
in the presence of another stimulus.

Question 17

Concept:
stimulus discrimination
(stimulus control)

Answer 17

The occurrence of a response more frequently in the presence of one stimulus
than in the presence of another,
usually as a result of a discrimination training procedure.

Question 18

Concept:

prompt

Answer 18

A supplemental stimulus

that raises the probability of a correct response.

Question 19

Concept:

fading procedure

Answer 19

At first, the S-delta and the S-dee differ along at least two stimulus dimentions.
Then the difference between the S-delta and the S-dee is reduced along all but one dimension,
until the S-delta and the S-dee differ along only the relevant dimension.

Question 20

Concept:

stimulus generalization

Answer 20

The behavioral contingencies
in the presence of one stimulus
affect the frequency of the response
in the presence of another stimulus.

Question 21

Concept:

matching to sample

Answer 21

Selecting a comparison stimulus

corresponding to a sample stimulus.

Question 22

Concept:

concept training

Answer 22

Reinforcing or punishing a response
in the presence of one stimulus class
and extinguishing it
or allowing it to recover
in the presence of another stimulus class.

Question 23

Concept:

imitation

Answer 23

The form of the behavior of the imitator
is controlled by
similar behavior of the model.

Question 24

Concept:

generalized imitation

Answer 24

Imitation of the response of a model
without previous reinforcement of
imitation of that specific response.

Question 25

Concept:

avoidance contingency

Answer 25

The response-contingent
prevention of
an aversive condition
resulting in an increased frequency of that response.

Question 26

Concept:

warning stimulus

Answer 26

A stimulus that precedes

an aversive condition and thus becomes a learned aversive stimulus.

Question 27

Concept:

schedule of reinforcement

Answer 27

The way reinforcement occurs
because of the number of the resposese,
time between responses, and
stimulus conditions.

Question 28

Concept:

resistance to extinction

Answer 28

The number of reseponses or
the amount of time
before a response extinguishes.

Question 29

Concept:

Intervention/treatment package

Answer 29

The addition of change of several independent variables
at the same time
to achieve a desired result,
without testing the effect of each variable individually.

Question 30

Concept:

behavioral chain

Answer 30

A sequence of stimuli and responses.
Each response produces a stimulus that reinforces the preceding response
and is an S-dee or operandum
for the following response.

Question 31

Concept:

backward chaining

Answer 31

The establishment of the final link in a behavioral chain,
with the addition of preceding links,
until the first link is acquired.

Question 32

Principle:

dual-functioning chained stimuli

Answer 32

A stimulus in a behavioral chain
reinforces the response that precedes it
and is an S-dee or operandum for the following response.

Question 33

Concept:
different reinforcement of low rate
(DRL)

Answer 33

Reinforcement
for each response following the preceding response
by at least some minimum delay.

Question 34

Concept:

operant conditioning

Answer 34

Reinforcing consequences
following the response
increases its future frequency; and
aversive consequences
following the response
decreases its future frequency.

Question 35

Concept:

respondent conditioning

Answer 35

A neutral stimulus
acquires the eliciting properties
of an unconditioned stimulus
through the pairing the unconditioned stimulus
with a neutral stimulus.

Question 36

Concept:

systematic desensitization

Answer 36

Combining relaxation with
a hierarchy of fear-producing stimuli,
arranged from the least to the most frightening.

Question 37

Concept:

rule

Answer 37

A description of a behavioral contingency.

Question 38

Concept:

rule control

Answer 38

The statement of a rule
controls the response
described by that rule.

Question 39

Concept:

indirect-acting contingency

Answer 39

A contingency that controls the response,
though the outcome of that response
does not reinforce or punish that response.

Question 40

Concept:

process vs. product

Answer 40

Sometimes you need to make reinforcers and feedback
contingent on the component responses of the process,
not just the product (outcome).

Question 41

Concept:

feedback

Answer 41

Nonverval stimuli
or verbal statements
contingent on past behavior
that can guide future behavior.

Question 42

Concept:
performance contract
(behavioral contract or contingency contract)

Answer 42

A written rule statement describing
the desired or undesired behavior,
the occasion when the bahavior should or should not occur, and
the added outcome for that behavior.

Question 43

Model:

the three-contingency model of performance-management

Answer 43

The three crucial contingencies are:
the ineffective natural contingency,
the effective, indirect-acting performance-management contingency, and
the effective, direct-acting contingency.

Question 44

Principle:

the real cause of poor self-management

Answer 44

Poor self-management results from
poor control by rules describing
outcomes that are either
too small (though often of cumulative significance)
or too improbable.
The delay isn't crucial.

Question 45

Concept:

values

Answer 45

Learned an unlearned reinforcers

and aversive conditions.

Question 46

Concept:

mentalism

Answer 46

The doctrine that the mind causes behavior to occur.

Question 47

Concept:

methodological behaviorism

Answer 47

An approach that restricts the science of psychology to
only those the independent and dependent variables
that two independent people can directly observe.

Question 48

Principle:

behavior trap

Answer 48

Add a reinforcement contingency
to increase the rate of behavior.
Then the behavior will frequently contact
built-in reinforcement contingencies,
and those built-in contingencies
will maintain that behavior.

Question 49

Concept:

internal validity

Answer 49

The extent to which a research design

eliminates confounding variables.

Question 50

Concept:

external validity

Answer 50

The extent to which the conclusions of an experiment

apply to a wide variety of conditions.