POB Top 50 Flashcards
Concept:
medical model myth
An erroneous view of human behavior
that behavior is always a mere symptom of
an underlying psychological condition.
General Rule:
the don’t say rule
With nonverbal organisms, don't say expects, knows, thinks, figures out, in order to (or so that he/she, or it could...), trying to, makes the connection, associates, learns that, imagines, understands With any organisms, don't say want
Concept:
social validity
The goals, procedures, and results of an intervention are socially acceptable to the client, the behavior analyst, and society.
Principle:
the law of effect
The effects of our actions
determine whether we will repeat them.
Concept:
penalty contingency
The response-contingent
removal of
a reinforcer (positive reinforcer)
resulting in a decreased frequency of that response.
Principle:
spontaneous recovery
A tamporary recovery of the extinguished behavior
during the first part of each of the extinction sessions
that follow the first extinction session.
Principle:
extinction
Stopping the reinforcement or escape contingency
for a previously reinforced response
causes the response frequency to decrease.
Concept:
task analysis
An analysis of complex behavior
and sequences of behavior
into their component responses.
Concept:
single-subject research design
The entire experiment is conducted with a single subject,
though it may be replicated with several other subjects.
Concept:
response topography
The sequence (path of movement), form, or location of components of a response relative to the rest of the body.
Principle:
Premack principle
If one activity occurs more often than another,
the opportunity to do the more frequent activity
will reinforce the less frequent activity.
Procedure:
motivating operation
A procedure or condition
that affects learning and performance
with respect to a particular reinforcer or aversive condition.
Principle:
value-altering principle
The pairing procedure
converts a neutral stimulus into
a learned reinforcer
or learned aversive stimulus.
Concept:
generalized learned reinforcer
A learned reinforcer that is a reinforcer
because it has been paired with a variety of other reinforcers.
Concept:
token economy
A system of generalized learned reinforcer
in which the organism that receives those generalized reinforcers can save them
and exchange them for a variety of backup reinforcers later.
Concept:
discrimination training procedure
Reinforcing or punishing a response in the presence of one stimulus and extinguishing it or allowing it to recover in the presence of another stimulus.
Concept:
stimulus discrimination
(stimulus control)
The occurrence of a response more frequently in the presence of one stimulus
than in the presence of another,
usually as a result of a discrimination training procedure.
Concept:
prompt
A supplemental stimulus
that raises the probability of a correct response.
Concept:
fading procedure
At first, the S-delta and the S-dee differ along at least two stimulus dimentions.
Then the difference between the S-delta and the S-dee is reduced along all but one dimension,
until the S-delta and the S-dee differ along only the relevant dimension.
Concept:
stimulus generalization
The behavioral contingencies
in the presence of one stimulus
affect the frequency of the response
in the presence of another stimulus.
Concept:
matching to sample
Selecting a comparison stimulus
corresponding to a sample stimulus.
Concept:
concept training
Reinforcing or punishing a response in the presence of one stimulus class and extinguishing it or allowing it to recover in the presence of another stimulus class.
Concept:
imitation
The form of the behavior of the imitator
is controlled by
similar behavior of the model.
Concept:
generalized imitation
Imitation of the response of a model
without previous reinforcement of
imitation of that specific response.
Concept:
avoidance contingency
The response-contingent
prevention of
an aversive condition
resulting in an increased frequency of that response.
Concept:
warning stimulus
A stimulus that precedes
an aversive condition and thus becomes a learned aversive stimulus.
Concept:
schedule of reinforcement
The way reinforcement occurs
because of the number of the resposese,
time between responses, and
stimulus conditions.
Concept:
resistance to extinction
The number of reseponses or
the amount of time
before a response extinguishes.
Concept:
Intervention/treatment package
The addition of change of several independent variables
at the same time
to achieve a desired result,
without testing the effect of each variable individually.
Concept:
behavioral chain
A sequence of stimuli and responses.
Each response produces a stimulus that reinforces the preceding response
and is an S-dee or operandum
for the following response.
Concept:
backward chaining
The establishment of the final link in a behavioral chain,
with the addition of preceding links,
until the first link is acquired.
Principle:
dual-functioning chained stimuli
A stimulus in a behavioral chain
reinforces the response that precedes it
and is an S-dee or operandum for the following response.
Concept:
different reinforcement of low rate
(DRL)
Reinforcement
for each response following the preceding response
by at least some minimum delay.
Concept:
operant conditioning
Reinforcing consequences following the response increases its future frequency; and aversive consequences following the response decreases its future frequency.
Concept:
respondent conditioning
A neutral stimulus acquires the eliciting properties of an unconditioned stimulus through the pairing the unconditioned stimulus with a neutral stimulus.
Concept:
systematic desensitization
Combining relaxation with
a hierarchy of fear-producing stimuli,
arranged from the least to the most frightening.
Concept:
rule
A description of a behavioral contingency.
Concept:
rule control
The statement of a rule
controls the response
described by that rule.
Concept:
indirect-acting contingency
A contingency that controls the response,
though the outcome of that response
does not reinforce or punish that response.
Concept:
process vs. product
Sometimes you need to make reinforcers and feedback
contingent on the component responses of the process,
not just the product (outcome).
Concept:
feedback
Nonverval stimuli
or verbal statements
contingent on past behavior
that can guide future behavior.
Concept:
performance contract
(behavioral contract or contingency contract)
A written rule statement describing
the desired or undesired behavior,
the occasion when the bahavior should or should not occur, and
the added outcome for that behavior.
Model:
the three-contingency model of performance-management
The three crucial contingencies are:
the ineffective natural contingency,
the effective, indirect-acting performance-management contingency, and
the effective, direct-acting contingency.
Principle:
the real cause of poor self-management
Poor self-management results from poor control by rules describing outcomes that are either too small (though often of cumulative significance) or too improbable. The delay isn't crucial.
Concept:
values
Learned an unlearned reinforcers
and aversive conditions.
Concept:
mentalism
The doctrine that the mind causes behavior to occur.
Concept:
methodological behaviorism
An approach that restricts the science of psychology to
only those the independent and dependent variables
that two independent people can directly observe.
Principle:
behavior trap
Add a reinforcement contingency to increase the rate of behavior. Then the behavior will frequently contact built-in reinforcement contingencies, and those built-in contingencies will maintain that behavior.
Concept:
internal validity
The extent to which a research design
eliminates confounding variables.
Concept:
external validity
The extent to which the conclusions of an experiment
apply to a wide variety of conditions.
