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Physiology > PNS, CH 6 > Flashcards

PNS, CH 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous system composed of Efferent and Afferent fibers

A

Peripheral Nervous system

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2
Q

Stimuli exist in what modalities

A

light, sound, pressure, chemical changes

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3
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Specialized peripheral endings of afferent neurons

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4
Q

Sensory receptors convert stimulus energy into what form for communication to CNS

A

electrical signals through sensory transduction

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5
Q

Receptor potentials are what type of potential

A

graded potential

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6
Q

Each type of receptor responds to how many types of signals?

A

its one adequate stimulus

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7
Q

Photoreceptors

A

responsive to visible wavelengths of light

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8
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

sensitive to mechanical energy, ie. stretch, blood pressure, ear hairs bent from sound waves

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9
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

sensitive to heat and cold

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10
Q

Osmoreceptors

A

detect changes in solute concentrations in body fluids and resultant changes in osmotic activity

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11
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

sensitive to specific chemicals; includes receptors:
for smell and taste, detect O2 and CO2 in blood,
detect chemical content of digestive tract

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12
Q

nocieceptors

A

pain receptors that are sensitive to tissue damage or distortion of tissue.

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13
Q

Use for Sensory Information

A

regulating motor behavior in response to external environment, maintaining homeostasis, cortical arousal and consciousness, perceptions of the world around us due to sensory information, changing emotional states

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14
Q

Two forms of sensory receptors

A
  1. Specialized end of an afferent neuron

2. Separate receptor cell associated with the peripheral end of the neuron

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15
Q

steps to creating a graded Receptor potential in separate receptor cell

A
  1. A stimulus brings about a graded, depolarizing receptor potential promoting net Na+ entry.
  2. Local depolarization opens Ca+ channels.
  3. Ca+ entry triggers exocytosis of neurotransmitter.
  4. Neurotransmitter binds to afferent neuron opening Na+ channels on the neuron causing depolarization.
  5. Receptor potentials if strong enough generate action potentials.
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16
Q

steps to creating graded receptor potential in specialized afferent ending

A
  1. A stimulus brings about a graded, depolarizing receptor potential promoting net Na+ entry.
  2. Local flow from depolarized receptor ending opens the neurons voltage gated Na+ channels.
  3. Receptor potentials if strong enough generate action potentials.
    These action potentials move along the afferent fiber to the CNS.
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17
Q

What is the difference in action potential initiation sites between afferent and efferent neurons

A

Efferent: At the axon hillock located at the start of the axon next to the cell body
Afferent: Peripheral end of the nerve fiber, away from the cell body

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18
Q

How does the magnitude of receptor potential correlate to action potential?

A

The greater the stimulus, the larger the receptor potential, the more frequent action potentials are generated

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19
Q

What are the types of receptors classified according to their adaptation

A
  1. Tonic receptors: do not adapt at all or adapt slowly

2. Phasic receptors: rapidly adapting receptors

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20
Q

Receptive field

A

refers to the area surrounding a receptor within which the receptor can detect stimuli.

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21
Q

How does the acuity of a body region correlate to the size of the receptive field?

A

The acuity of a body region varies inversely with the size of its receptive fields.

  1. Smaller receptive fields show higher acuity.
  2. Acuity is also influenced by lateral inhibition.
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22
Q

Visceral afferent

A

Signals coming from internal organs used for homeostasis, subconscious

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23
Q

Sensory Afferent

A

conscious sensory information derived from

  1. Somatic sensation: arising from the body surface, and proprioception from muscles joints and inner ear
  2. special senses: vision, taste, smell, etc.
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24
Q

Lateral inhibition

A

Facilitates the localization of a stimulus by inhibiting the pathways next to the receptive field.

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25
Q

Perception

A

is the conscious interpretation of the external world.

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26
Q

Why is it that the brains perception from its input is an abstraction and not reality.

A

The only stimuli that can be detected are those for which receptors are present. We can only perceive a small range of smell, taste, sound, color, etc.

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27
Q

3 Categories of nocieptors

A

Mechanical, thermal, polymodal

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28
Q

What are the two layers of dermis

A
  1. Papillary: 20%: means going down (fingerlike)

2. Reticular: 80%

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29
Q

How many epidermis layers

A
  1. Top is corneum which is dead and sloughs off

Bottom is Basale which is very active and continues mitosis

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30
Q

How long does it take a cell to go from Basale to coroneum?

A

usually 30 days

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31
Q

Psoriasis

A

Cells moving from basal layer to the top in only 10 days, outter layer of the skin is still living which causes the irritation and itching

32
Q

Ruffini endings

A

tactile receptor which detects stretching and deep pressure

33
Q

Hair receptors

A

tactile receptor which detects hair movement and light touch

34
Q

Merkels disc

A

tactile receptor which detects light sustained touch

35
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

vibrations and deep pressure

36
Q

Missners corpuscle

A

light fluttering touch

37
Q

Pain pathway in the body

A

Afferent pain fibers terminate in the spinal cord on ascending pathways that transmit the signal to the brain

38
Q

What is the spinal cord pain neurotransmitter

A

substance P

39
Q

What is the bodies analgesic system?

A

Inhibitory interneurons in the dorsal horn release Endogenous opiods with block the release of Substance P

40
Q

Where is pain perceived in the brain?

A

Thalamus

41
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for the behavioral and emotional responses to pain

A

hypothalamus and limbic

42
Q

What types of neuron fibers are associated with the transmission of pain

A

A - Myelinated, large diameter
B - Myelinated, medium diameter
C - unmyelinated and small diameter

43
Q

What type of fiber transmits slow pain, fast pain?

A

Fast pain is A delta, Slow is C

44
Q

Three tissue layers of the eye

A

Sclera/cornea, Choroid/ciliary body/iris, retina

45
Q

Tough outer layer of the eye

A

sclera

46
Q

anterior outer portion of the eye

A

cornea

47
Q

Highly pigmented middle layer which is contains blood vessels

A

choroid

48
Q

Anterior middle layer of the eye

A

ciliary body and iris

49
Q

Innermost coat containing an outer pigmented and inner nervous tissue layer with the rods and cones

A

retina

50
Q

Two fluid filled cavities divided by the lens

A

Aqueous humor (anterior) and vitreous humor (posterior)

51
Q

function of ciliary body

A

controls the shape of the lens and creates the aqueous humor

52
Q

Canal of schlem

A

where aqueous humor is released

53
Q

Glacoma

A

too much aqueous humor, doesn’t drain fast enough. This creates a pressure on the optic nerve and can cause blindness

54
Q

primary refractive structures that bend incoming light rays.

A

Cornea and Lens

55
Q

Accommodation

A

Ability to adjust strength of lens by changing its shape.

Shape is regulated by ciliary muscle

56
Q

presbyopia

A

Age-related reduction in accommodation ability due to the lens becoming brittle and cell death

57
Q

What happens to the lens when the ciliary muscle is contracted

A

the suspensory ligaments become slack, reducing the tension on the lens, allowing it to assume a stronger, rounder shape because of its elasticity allowing the eye to focus for stronger near vision

58
Q

What happens when the ciliary muscle is relaxed

A

the suspensory ligaments are taut, putting tension on the lens so that it is flat and weak for far vision

59
Q

What type of autonomic stimulation controls lens contraction?

A

Sympathetic relaxes, parasympathetic contracts

60
Q

Emmetropia

A

Normal eye: far source doesn’t need accommodation and near sources of light are focused on the retina with accommodation (changing the shape of lens)

61
Q

Myopia (minus prescription)

A

Nearsightedness: Eyeball is too long or the lens is too strong.

  1. Uncorrected (no glasses)
    - Far source focus falls in front of the retina without accommodation
    - near source is fine with accommodation
  2. Corrected with concave lens (brings back to normal eye)
    - Far source is focused on retina without accommodation
    - Near source on retinal with accommodation
62
Q

hyperopia (plus prescription)

A

Farsightedness: Eyeball is too short or the lens is too weak

  1. Uncorrected (No glasses)
    - Far source focused on retina with accommodation
    - Near source is focused behind retina even with accommodation
  2. Corrected with Convex lens (brings back to normal eye
    - Far source focused on retina without accommodation
    - Near source focused on retina with accommodation
63
Q

Three types of cells in the neural layer of the retina

A

Rods and cones, bipolar, and ganglion

64
Q

Rods and cones

A

Photoreceptor cells that make up the outer most layer of the retina

65
Q

Bipolar cells

A

middle layer of the retina with associated interneurons

66
Q

Ganglion cells

A

inner layer of retina, axons of the ganglia form the optic nerve

67
Q

Optic disk

A

slightly off center spot where the optic nerve leaves the eye and blood vessels pass through

68
Q

Another name for the optic disk

A

Blind spot, because it is void of rods and cones

69
Q

Properties of rods

A

120 million, concentrated on the periphery, High sensitivity, low acuity, night vision, shades of grey, convergence in retinal pathways

70
Q

Properties of cones

A

6 million, concentrated in fovea, low sensitivity, high acuity, day vision, colors, low convergence on retinal pathways

71
Q

small depression in center of retina which has only cones, no bipolar or ganglion cells and is the point of most distinct vision

A

Fovea

72
Q

area immediately surrounding fovea which has cones, bipolar, and ganglion cells. Has fairly high acuity

A

Macula lutea

73
Q

A photopigment consists of two components

A
  1. opsin, an integral protein in the plasma membrane

2. retinal, a derivative of vitamin A that absorbs light

74
Q

Age related Maculardegeneration (AMD)

A

leading cause of blindness in Western Hemisphere. Loss of photoreceptors in macula lutea causing “doughnut vision”

75
Q

Three segments of rods and cones

A

Outer, inner, and synaptic terminal.

76
Q

Outer segment

A

Faces Choroid
detects light stimulus
Rod or cone shaped
Consists of flattened membranous disks full of photopigments

Physiology (5 decks)

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