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Physiology > Cell physiology, CH2 > Flashcards

Cell physiology, CH2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the breakdown of mass in the Cell

A

Water 70-85, Protein 10-20, lipids 2-9.5, 1-6 carbs

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2
Q

Describe the cell membrane: composition and polarity

A

Lipid bilayer has a negatively charged polar phosphate head, and a nonpolar fatty acid tail. head is hydrophillic tail is hydrophobic

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3
Q

Role of proteins in the cell membrane

A

Provides specificity to the membrane ie. MHC major histocompatibility complex. ways to identify cell, is important in tissue donation.

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4
Q

two ways to define membrane proteins

A

Integral and peripheral

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5
Q

define integral membrane protein

A

Integral is channels, pores, carriers, enymes which allow substances to pass through the membrane

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6
Q

define peripheral membrane protein

A

can be located on the inside or outside membrane. includes enzymes, intracellular signal mediators. Allow vesicles to dock for exocytosis, membrane bound enzymes to control chemical reactions, receptors for intracellular events to control cell activity

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7
Q

Breakdown of carbohydrates on cell membranes

A

Glycoproteins (mainly integral proteins), glycolipids (10%), proteoglycans

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8
Q

role of cholesterol in cell membrane

A

flexibility and stability, prevents fatty acid chains from crystalizing

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9
Q

Function of carbohydrates in cell membranes

A
  1. negative charge of the carbohydrate chains repels other negative charges
  2. involved in cell-cell attachments/interactions
  3. play a role in immune reactions
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10
Q

Define hydrolysis

A

reactions that break down organic molecules byt adding water at a bond site

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11
Q

what type of reaction happens in lysosomes

A

reactions performed by hydrolyic enzymes: phosphatases, nucleases, proteases, lipid-degrading enzymes, lysozymes digest bacteria

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12
Q

What is the role of lysosomes in the cell?

A

Carry organic molecules from budding golgi. Merge with pino and phagocytotic vessicles, break down molecules for excretion from the cell

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13
Q

What type of reaction occurs in a peroxisome

A

oxidative enzyme catalayse which breaks down toxic compounds like alcohol and turns H2O2 into H2O

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14
Q

What is the difference in origin between peroxisomes and lysosomes

A

L= golgi and ER, P= self replication

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15
Q

3 forms of endocytosis

A

Pino, Phagy, receptor mediated

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16
Q

What organelle contains its own DNA and is self replicating?

A

Mitohondria

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17
Q

What is the formula for the breakdown of ATP

A

ATP= ADP+ Pi + energy

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18
Q

What happens in Glycolysis: ATP yield, location, products, conditions

A

Glycolysis happens in the cytosol, under anerobic conditions, takes 1 glucose and forms 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP, and 2 NADH. Pyruvate becomes lactase in anerobic conditions

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19
Q

what needs to happen to pyruvate before entering the krebs cycle

A

Pyruvate is broken down into 2 acetyl groups, forming 2 acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, and Co2

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20
Q

What is produced by 2 spins of the krebs cycle from one glucose

A

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FAD

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21
Q

What are NAD+ and FAD?

A

Hydrogen carriers nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide from the B vitamin niacin, and Flavine adenine dinucleotide from B vitamin riboflavin

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22
Q

define oxidative phosphorylation

A

ATP is synthesized using energy released from electrons as they are transferred to O2

23
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur

A

mitochondrial inner membrane

24
Q

where does the Krebs cycle occur

A

Mitochondrial matrix

25
Q

What two groups of proteins are responsible for OP?

A

Electron transport system, and ATP synthase

26
Q

What name is given to the process of making ATP by ATP synthase?

A

chemiosmosis

27
Q

How many ATP are made during OP

A

28

28
Q

How much ATP can be made from the aerobic oxidation of 1 glucose

A

32

29
Q

Describe the electron transport chain

A

NADH and FADH are stripped of the high energy electrons they picked up during glycolysis and Krebs cycle by Complex 1. The electrons are passed to successive complexes bring them to lower energy levels. H+ ions use the energy from the electrons to be trasported across the inner membrane by complexes 1,3,4. This creates a higher H+ concentration in the intermebrane space than the matrix

30
Q

Describe the process of chemiosmosis

A

The H+ follow the gradient through the ATP synthase. this flow activates the synthase causing it to spin, which picks up ADP and Pi forming ATP

31
Q

What happens to O2 during OP

A

O2 is the final electron acceptor making it negatively charged. It combines with the H+ ions in the matrix to form water

32
Q

What is believed to be the role of Vaults

A

Transport molecules from the nucleus to cytoplasm. May bring mRNA to the free ribosomes in the cytosol.

33
Q

What are the 3 main activites that occur in the cytosol

A
  1. enzymatic regulation of intermediary metaboism 2. ribosomal protein synthesis. 3. storage of fat, carbs, and secretory vesicles.
34
Q

What are inclusions

A

temporary nonmembrane bound storage of excessive nutrients such as Fat, glycogen.

35
Q

Where does glycogen usually get stored

A

Liver and muscles

36
Q

3 components of the cytoskeleton

A

Microtubules, microfilament, intermediate filaments

37
Q

Microtubules are made up of what?

A

globular proteins called tubulin form hollow tubes

38
Q

Role of Microtubles in Cell

A
  1. Maintain asymmetric cell shapes such as elongated neuron axons. 2. Serve as highways for intracellular transport of secretory vesicles by molecular motor proteins (kinesin) 3. Make up the main component of cilia and flagellae 4.Make up the mitotic spindle
39
Q

What is the structure of cilia and flagella

A

They have a 9+2 structure. Ring of 9 pair of tubules around 1 pair of unfused. Basal centriole has a ring of 9 triplets

40
Q

what is the role of dynein motor protiens

A

Walking their dynein arm along the adjacent tubule causes the cilia or flagella to bend.

41
Q

actin makes up what part of the cytoskeleton

A

microfilaments

42
Q

what is the role of microfilaments?

A
  1. Cellular contrations and movement such as: muscle contractions, cytokinesis, and ameboid movement
  2. stiffener for microvilli
43
Q

Muscle microfilaments are made up of what protein

A

myosin

44
Q

Intermediate filaments: compsition and role

A

IF are made of different proteins in different cell types.
Irregular threadlike proteins that help cells resist mechanical stress
Especially abundant in skin cells, where they are composed of keratin

45
Q

What is Hurlers syndrome?

A

Lysosomal storage disease cause by a iduronidase deficiency. Causes cornea clouding, mental retardation (mucopolysaccharides build up)

46
Q

Golgi Disease

A

I cell disease is impaired post- translation modification. Golgi is unable to add mannose which serve as marker for them to be normally a target to lysosomes and secreted out of cell. Causes facial and skull abnormalities and stunted growth.

47
Q

Laber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)

A

Mitochondrial disease - loss of vision in the center of visual field. Less mitochondria function in optic nerve and retina

48
Q

Microfilament disease

A

G actin- Listeria spreads cell to cell by inducing actin polymerization

49
Q

Epidermolysis bullosa

A

Intermediate filament disease- blister formation due to mechanical stress

50
Q

Immotile cilia syndrome

A

Microtubule disease affecting tubulin- Immotile cilia syndrome and male infertility. Also antimitotic drugs- colchicine inhibit microtubule function

51
Q

Hereditary spherocytosis

A

Mutated spectrin gene. Spectrin is a protein in RBC membrane. Makes red blood cells spherical, unstable, inflexible causing them to rupture within blood vessels, and become lodged in spleen. Leads to less RBC’s

52
Q

Kartagener’s syndrome

A

It is a type of Primary ciliary dyskinesis (PCD) Structures that make up the cilia including inner and/or outer dynein arms, central apparatus, radial spokes, etc. are missing or dysfunctional and thus the axoneme structure lacks the ability to move. Axonemes are the elongated structures that make up cilia and flagella.
Syndrome is characterized by cilia dysmotility, bronchiestasis (damaged lungs), chronic sinusitis, and situs inversus (mirror inverted organs)

53
Q

What is Hunters syndrome?

A

Lysosomal storage disease cause by iduronate sulfatase deficiency. No corneal clouding, mild mental retardation ( heparin sulfate and dermatan sulfate build up)

Physiology (5 decks)

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