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Neuro- 2014 > PNS- autonomic nervous division > Flashcards

PNS- autonomic nervous division Flashcards

1
Q

T/F norepinephrine is released from all sympathetic postganglionic nerves

A

False, all but the sweat glands

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2
Q

The adrenal medulla is innervated by sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons __________ released elicits what 2 hormones?

A

acetylcholine; epi and NE

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3
Q

What is released from the sweat glands?

A

acetylcholine

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4
Q

What are the 2 major subtypes of cholinergic receptors?

A

nicotinic and muscarinic

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5
Q

What innervates muscarinic receptors? and where are they found?

A

Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons; peripherally in tissues

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6
Q

This is when the nicotinic receptor becomes desensitized to succs. and the postsynaptic membrane becomes inexcitable.

A

A stage II block or desensitization blocks

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7
Q

If your patient has ipsilateral miosis, ptosis, enophthalamos,, flushing, increased temperature, anhydrosis and nasal congestion; what syndrome should you suspect?

A

Horner’s syndrome

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8
Q

Horner’s syndrome is due to. . .

A

a Stellate ganglion blockade

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9
Q

All sympathetic preganglionic fibers pass through ______ rami while some, but not all, sympathetic postganglionic fibers pass through _______ rami

A

white; grey

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10
Q

T/F gray rami are distributed to all spinal nerves from the ganglia.

A

True

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11
Q

The parasympathetic outflow is also called. . .

A

craniosacral outflow

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12
Q

From which cranial nerves does the Parasympathetic outflow arise from?

A

CN III, VII, IX and X and sacral segments S2, S3, and S4

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13
Q

CN III arises from the ____________, CN VII arises from the ______ and CN IX and X arise from the __________

A

midbrain; pons; medulla

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14
Q

This transmits 3/4 of the traffic of the parasympathetic nervous system.

A

The Vagus

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15
Q

The PNS is essential for the maintenance of life- what are some of its response?

A

miosis
decreased HR, conduction of AV node, and contractility
Increased salivary, pharyngeal, and laryngeal secretions
Increased bronchial secretions
smooth muscle bronchoconstriction

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16
Q

What detects changes in the internal of external environment in the nervous system?

A

Receptors

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17
Q

The _____________ division of the PNS brings info. to the CNS from receptors in peripheral tissues and organs.

A

Sensory

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18
Q

This includes the integration and distribution of information in the CNS.

A

Information processing

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19
Q

Where does the “motor division” carry commands?

A

from the CNS to the peripheral tissue and systems

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20
Q

The motor division includes what 2 systems?

A

The somatic nervous system

The autonomic nervous system

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21
Q

The somatic and autonomic nervous systems differ- how does the Somatic motor neuron pathway differ?

A

Cell bodies of motor neurons reside in the CNS

Their axons extend all the way to their skeletal muscles

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22
Q

The somatic and autonomic nervous systems differ- how does the Autonomic motor neuron pathway differ?

A

1st= preganglionic neuron (brain and spinal cord)
2nd= ganglionic neuron (outside CNS)
Slower because lightly or unmyelinated

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23
Q

What is the Autonomic nervous system responsible for?

A

controls stable homeostasis
GI motility and secretion
GU motility
Sweating and body temperature

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24
Q

Autonomic Nervous system is divided into 2 parts:

A

SNS- Adrenergic

PNS- Cholinergic

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25
Q

The PNS arises from where?

A

Craniosacral- because of the preganglionic neurons

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26
Q

The SNS arises from where?

A

Thoracolumbar- because of its preganglionic neurons

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27
Q

Each sympathetic nerve is composed of how many neurons?

A

2; preganglionic and postganglionic

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28
Q

Where does sympathetic stimulation originate?

A

12 Thoracic and 2 or 3 lumbar segments of the cord

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29
Q

T/F the neurons of the SNS lead to every part of the body.

A

True- unlike PNS

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30
Q

Describe the path of preganglionic axons in the SNS.

A

Exit spinal cord through ventral root and enter spinal nerve

  • exit spinal nerve via communication ramus
  • enter sympathetic trunk/chain where postganglionic neuron is located
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31
Q

Where do preganglionic neurons of the SNS originate?

A

the region of gray matter in the thoracic and upper lumbar region called “the lateral horn”

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32
Q

Which pattern of the pre- and postganglionic neurons are arranged as described. . . preganglionic neuron is myelinated and the axons form the white ramus as they connect to ganglia. The post- are unmyelinated and leave the ganglion as the gray ramus which rejoins the spinal nerve

A

Pattern 1

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33
Q

In “pattern 1” when the ventral and dorsal roots fuse, what do they form?

A

The spinal nerve

34
Q

Which pattern of the pre- and postganglionic neurons are arranged as described. . .pre-ganglionic neurons innervate post-ganglionic cells in the adrenal medulla, these cells release epi (80%), norepi (20%) and a small amount of dopamine into the bloodstream

A

Pattern 2

35
Q

What are the cells called that innervate modified postganglionic cells in the adrenal medulla?

A

Chromaffin cells

36
Q

Synapse of the adrenal gland causes. . .

A

body-wide release of epinephrine in an extreme emergency

37
Q

Which pattern of the pre- and postganglionic neurons are arranged as described. . .more localized and discrete, the postganglionic neurons originate from the collateral ganglia and travel to specific effector organs

A

Pattern 3

38
Q

T/F in the SNS there are special preganglionic nerve fibers that pass all the way from the spinal cord to the adrenal medulla and secrete epi and norepi

A

True

39
Q

Which cranial nerves are specific to the PNS?

A

CN- III, VII, IX and X

40
Q

T/F PNS innervate internal organs and the skin

A

False- not skin

41
Q

What neurotransmitter is at end organ of PNS as well as at preganglionic synapse?

A

acetylcholine

42
Q

T/F preganglionic neurons originate in the brain stem and are relatively short

A

False- they are long

43
Q

What are the functions of the Vagus nerve-CN X?

A

stimulates digestive glands
increased motility of smooth muscle of digestive tract
decreased heart rate
causes bronchial constriction

44
Q

sacral outflow S2-S4 forms pelvic splanchnic nerves, which do what?

A

supply 1/2 of large intestine
supply all the pelvic organs
Involve descending colon, rectum, bladder, uterus, external genitalia

45
Q

T/F PNS is responsible for erection and SNS is responsible for ejaculation

A

True

46
Q

What are the very important differences between Pre and postganglionic fibers?

A

Pre- pass uninterrupted all the way to the organ to be controlled and synapse
Post- are located on the wall of the organs to be controlled

47
Q

PNS has 2 motor transmitters, what are they?

A

Acetylcholine and Norepinepherine

48
Q

What is the most common neurotransmitter? what neurons release it?

A

acetylcholine; cholinergic

49
Q

Cholinergic neurons include. . .

A

all preganglionic neurons of ANS
postganglionic neurons of the PNS
and some postganglionic (sweat glands) of the SNS

50
Q

Almost all sympathetic postganglionic neurons are . . .

A

adrenergic

51
Q

What are the 2 classes of Cholinergic receptors?

A

Nicotinic and Muscarinic

52
Q

Name the receptor. . . found of cell bodies and dendrites, chromaffin cells, and skeletal muscle cells. Assoc. with cation channels that allow potassium and sodium to pass through. Assoc. with depolarization of postsynaptic cells.

A

Nicotinic receptors

53
Q

Name the receptor. . . found on organs in the PNS, coupled with G proteins, act on heart and smooth muscle of the pupil and digestive tract

A

Muscarinic receptors

54
Q

Muscarinic receptors, coupled with G proteins can be . . .

A

inhibitory or excitatory

55
Q

T/F Adrenergic receptors are coupled to G proteins that activate or inhibit second messenger systems.

A

true

56
Q

What kind of response does norepi and epi binding to Alpha 2 receptors activate?

A

Inhibitory G protein, that decrease activity of adenylate cyclase, decreasing synthesis of cAMP

57
Q

When norepi and epi bind to Beta receptors what happens?

A

Activation of stimulatory G proteins that increase the activity of adenylate cyclase and increase synthesis of cAMP

58
Q

What adrenergic receptors are excitatory?

A

Alpha, Beta 1 and 3

59
Q

What adrenergic receptors are inhibitory?

A

Beta 2- which have more affinity for epi

60
Q

The synapse between an efferent neuron and its effector organ is a . . .

A

neuroeffector junction

61
Q

swelling along the axon is called?

A

varicosities

62
Q

What type of voltage gated channels do varicosities propagate?

A

Na, K and Ca channels

63
Q

PNS and ANS oppose each other to achieve what?

A

homeostasis

64
Q

Most changes in the organ activity are controlled by what?

A

visceral reflexes-

65
Q

What are the higher centers that control autonomic function?

A

hypothalamus
pons
medulla oblingata

66
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Influences autonomic functions (fight or flight)
regulate body temp., food intake and water balance
takes input concerned with emotions

67
Q

Temperature, Pain, irritation, chemical changes and stretch are monitored by . . .

A

visceral sensory neurons

68
Q

What is the pathway of Visceral sensory neurons?

A

spinothalmic tract–>thalamus–> cerebral cortex

69
Q

T/F getting cut or scrapped is an example of visceral pain.

A

False

70
Q

T/F pain in visercal organs is often perceived to be Somatic in origin.

A

True

71
Q

Defacation and micturition reflexes are examples of what?

A

Visceral Reflex Arcs (Visceral sensory and Autonomic)

72
Q

What is the main limbic region for emotions?

A

Amygdala

73
Q

What is the main integration center?

A

Hypothalmus

74
Q

What is most direct influence over autonomic function?

A

Reticular formation

75
Q

What are the functions of the Amygdala?

A

Stim. sympathetic activity, esp. fear-related

can be voluntary when to recall fear event

76
Q

The CNS is divided into what 2 divisions?

A

Brain and Spinal cord

77
Q

PNS is divided into what 2 divisions?

A

Sensory and Motor divisions

78
Q

From the Sensory division of the PNS is . . .

A

The Visceral Sensory Division

The Somatic Sensory Division

79
Q

From the Motor Division of the PNS is . . .

A

The Visceral Motor Division

The Sensory Motor Division

80
Q

From the Visceral Motor Division come which 2 branches?

A

Sympathetic Division

Parasympathetic Division

Neuro- 2014 (3 decks)

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