PNP- Unit 2: Chapter 5 Cardiovascular Disorders Flashcards
What is Cardiac Output (CO)?
The amount of blood the heart pumps per minute. Formula: CO = HR × SV (Heart Rate × Stroke Volume).
Define Stroke Volume (SV).
The volume of blood pumped from a ventricle per beat. It is calculated as the difference between end-diastolic volume (EDV) and end-systolic volume (ESV).
What factors influence Stroke Volume?
Preload (venous return), contractility (muscle strength), and afterload (resistance the ventricles must overcome).
What is Preload?
Preload is the amount of blood in the heart’s ventricles before contraction
(filling of the ventricles i.e venous return effects EDV)
What is Afterload?
the resistance the heart faces when pumping blood out.
The pressure the ventricles must overcome to eject blood during systole.
Define Hypertension (HTN).
Chronic elevation of blood pressure (BP ≥140/90 mmHg) that increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
What are the complications of Hypertension?
End-organ damage, stroke, heart disease, heart attack, renal failure, renal damage, and cerebral hemorrhage, dimentia, memory problems
What is Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)?
Also called ischemic heart disease (IHD) or coronary artery disease (CAD), it is characterized by reduced oxygen supply to the myocardium due to atherosclerosis.
What are the major risk factors for CHD?
Age, family history, high LDL cholesterol, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity.
Define Atherosclerosis.
A condition where fatty deposits (plaques) build up in the arterial walls, leading to reduced blood flow and increased risk of ischemia.
What is Angina Pectoris?
Chest pain caused by myocardial ischemia due to an imbalance between oxygen supply and demand.
Differentiate between Stable and Unstable Angina.
Stable Angina occurs with exertion and is relieved by rest or nitroglycerin; Unstable Angina occurs unpredictably, even at rest, and may progress to MI.
What is Myocardial Infarction (MI)?
Also called a heart attack, MI occurs due to prolonged obstruction of coronary blood flow leading to myocardial necrosis.
What are the warning signs of an MI?
Chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, diaphoresis, fatigue,
Severe crushing, BAD chest pain , pain radiating to arm, jaw, or back.
How is MI diagnosed?
ECG changes (STEMI/NSTEMI), elevated cardiac biomarkers (CK-MB, troponin I, troponin T), echocardiography, and stress testing, cardiac enzymes
What are common complications of MI?
Arrhythmias, cardiogenic shock, heart failure, cardiac rupture, thromboembolism, heart failure and sudden death.
What is Atrial Fibrillation (A-Fib)?
an irregular and often very rapid heart rhythm. An irregular heart rhythm is called an arrhythmia
What are the symptoms of A-Fib?
Palpitations, dizziness, fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and chest pain.
How is A-Fib managed?
Rate control (beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers), rhythm control (antiarrhythmic drugs), anticoagulation (to prevent stroke).
What is Sinus Bradycardia?
A slow heart rate (<60 bpm) that may cause dizziness, weakness, and syncope. It can be treated with atropine or pacemaker therapy if symptomatic.
What is Sinus Tachycardia?
A fast heart rate (>100 bpm) often caused by fever, pain, dehydration, or stress. Treatment depends on the underlying cause.
What is Cardiogenic Shock?
A severe form of heart failure where the heart cannot pump enough blood, leading to hypotension and organ failure.
How is Cardiogenic Shock treated?
IV fluids, vasopressors, inotropes, and mechanical circulatory support (e.g., intra-aortic balloon pump, ECMO).
What is the main treatment goal for cardiovascular disorders?
Maintain adequate cardiac output, prevent complications, manage risk factors, and improve quality of life.
What are common diagnostic tests for cardiovascular disorders?
ECG, echocardiography, stress testing, cardiac catheterization, blood tests (troponin, CK-MB, cholesterol levels), and ABG analysis.
What is Pulmonary Edema?
Fluid accumulation in the lungs due to left-sided heart failure, causing severe shortness of breath.
What medications are commonly used in cardiovascular disorders?
Beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, diuretics, anticoagulants, statins, calcium channel blockers, and nitroglycerin.
What lifestyle changes help prevent cardiovascular disease?
Healthy diet, regular exercise, smoking cessation, weight management, blood pressure and cholesterol control, and stress reduction.
Two types of MI
STEMI vs NSTEMI
STEMI
Total Blockage = ST Elevattion
Think Stemi = Serious (total occulsion) (muscle is suffocating)
NSTEMI
Partial blockage
Diagnosing MI
Troponin = live in heart muscle, when muscle is dying- this protein releases into blood stream.
More injury to heart = Higher troponin
MI Treatment Medications
M= Morphine= relieves pain
O= Oxygen= heart needs oxygen
Nitroglycerin = opens heart to get through
Aspirin= prevents platelets sticking together
Thrombolytics are
clot busters, breaks up BLOCKAGE= helps restore blood flow
MI treatment lifestyle changes?
stop smoking, lower fat and sodium intake, excercise should be encouraged , take high blood pressure meds
Atrial Fibrillation S & S
May be asymptomatic
Palpitations
Weakness
Decreased exercise tolerance
Fatigue
Lightheadedness
Dizziness
Confusion
SOB
Chest pain
Myocardial Infarction determined through?
Diagnostic tests: changes in ECG (STemi, NSTEMI)
- Elevated serum enzyme levels
-Troponin, and myoglobib
Can MI’s present with no symptoms, T/F? Known as?
“Silent MIs”
Unstable Angina vs. Myocardial Infarction (MI)
What is the key difference between unstable angina and MI in terms of vessel occlusion?
Unstable Angina:
Partial coronary vessel occlusion or clot breakdown before myocardial tissue death.
No presence of cardiac biomarkers.
How are unstable angina and MI differentiated using biomarkers and ECG?
Unstable Angina: No presence of cardiac biomarkers.
MI: Presence of cardiac biomarkers.
Scientific Diagnosis of MI:
ST-segment elevation (STEMI) + chest pain = MI → acute reperfusion therapy.
No ST elevation + symptoms = Non-STEMI → treat with antiplatelets.
No biomarkers + no ST elevation = Unstable Angina.
Stable and unstable angina influenced by collateral circulation, T/F?
True
Stable angina, happens at rest? T/F
True
Stable plaque produces no symptoms until oxygen is suddenly increased, such as which factors?
Excersise, stress, vasospasm (tighening of an artery that reduces blood flow)
Nitroglycerin
Think “makes blood pressure low”, give O2 to the heart muscle (pillow to the heart)
