PNP- Unit 2: Chapter 5 Cardiovascular Disorders Flashcards
What is Cardiac Output (CO)?
The amount of blood the heart pumps per minute. Formula: CO = HR × SV (Heart Rate × Stroke Volume).
Define Stroke Volume (SV).
The volume of blood pumped from a ventricle per beat. It is calculated as the difference between end-diastolic volume (EDV) and end-systolic volume (ESV).
What factors influence Stroke Volume?
Preload (venous return), contractility (muscle strength), and afterload (resistance the ventricles must overcome).
What is Preload?
Preload is the amount of blood in the heart’s ventricles before contraction
(filling of the ventricles i.e venous return effects EDV)
What is Afterload?
the resistance the heart faces when pumping blood out.
The pressure the ventricles must overcome to eject blood during systole.
Define Hypertension (HTN).
Chronic elevation of blood pressure (BP ≥140/90 mmHg) that increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
What are the complications of Hypertension?
End-organ damage, stroke, heart disease, heart attack, renal failure, renal damage, and cerebral hemorrhage, dimentia, memory problems
What is Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)?
Also called ischemic heart disease (IHD) or coronary artery disease (CAD), it is characterized by reduced oxygen supply to the myocardium due to atherosclerosis.
What are the major risk factors for CHD?
Age, family history, high LDL cholesterol, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity.
Define Atherosclerosis.
A condition where fatty deposits (plaques) build up in the arterial walls, leading to reduced blood flow and increased risk of ischemia.
What is Angina Pectoris?
Chest pain caused by myocardial ischemia due to an imbalance between oxygen supply and demand.
Differentiate between Stable and Unstable Angina.
Stable Angina occurs with exertion and is relieved by rest or nitroglycerin; Unstable Angina occurs unpredictably, even at rest, and may progress to MI.
What is Myocardial Infarction (MI)?
Also called a heart attack, MI occurs due to prolonged obstruction of coronary blood flow leading to myocardial necrosis.
What are the warning signs of an MI?
Chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, diaphoresis, fatigue,
Severe crushing, BAD chest pain , pain radiating to arm, jaw, or back.
How is MI diagnosed?
ECG changes (STEMI/NSTEMI), elevated cardiac biomarkers (CK-MB, troponin I, troponin T), echocardiography, and stress testing, cardiac enzymes
What are common complications of MI?
Arrhythmias, cardiogenic shock, heart failure, cardiac rupture, thromboembolism, heart failure and sudden death.
What is Atrial Fibrillation (A-Fib)?
an irregular and often very rapid heart rhythm. An irregular heart rhythm is called an arrhythmia
What are the symptoms of A-Fib?
Palpitations, dizziness, fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and chest pain.
How is A-Fib managed?
Rate control (beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers), rhythm control (antiarrhythmic drugs), anticoagulation (to prevent stroke).
What is Sinus Bradycardia?
A slow heart rate (<60 bpm) that may cause dizziness, weakness, and syncope. It can be treated with atropine or pacemaker therapy if symptomatic.
What is Sinus Tachycardia?
A fast heart rate (>100 bpm) often caused by fever, pain, dehydration, or stress. Treatment depends on the underlying cause.
What is Cardiogenic Shock?
A severe form of heart failure where the heart cannot pump enough blood, leading to hypotension and organ failure.
How is Cardiogenic Shock treated?
IV fluids, vasopressors, inotropes, and mechanical circulatory support (e.g., intra-aortic balloon pump, ECMO).
What is the main treatment goal for cardiovascular disorders?
Maintain adequate cardiac output, prevent complications, manage risk factors, and improve quality of life.
