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global health diseases > PNEUOMNOIA > Flashcards

PNEUOMNOIA Flashcards

1
Q

how many children under 5 did pneumonai kill in 2019

A

740180

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2
Q

what percentage of childnre under 5 deaths did penuimonia account for

A

14%

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3
Q

what percentage of children requiring antibiotics for pneumonia actually receive it?

A

1/3

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4
Q

where is the deathrate the highest ?

A

southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa

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5
Q

what are the two most common causes of bacterial penuomnia

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is the second most common cause of bacterial pneumonia.

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6
Q

what is the most common type of bacterial penuomonia in children

A

streptococcus penmoniae
responsible for 40% of pneumonia cases

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7
Q

what is the most common cause of penuomonia for infants infected with HIV

A

Pneumocystis jiroveci i

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8
Q

what is the first line of treatment

A

amoxicillin- antibiotic

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9
Q

what action plan did the WHO and UNICEF come up with

A

Global Action Plan for Pneumonia and Diarrhoea (GAPPD)

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10
Q

what are the three pillars of GAPPD

A

protect
prevent
treat

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11
Q

what is the SDG to do with penumonia

A

SDG 3.2.1 (reducing child mortality), ending preventable diarrhoea- and pneumonia-related deaths is an urgent priority.

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12
Q

what is penuomnia

A

form of acute respiratory infection that is most commonly caused by viruses or bacteria. It can cause mild to life-threatening illness in people of all ages, however it is the single largest infectious cause of death in children worldwide.

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13
Q

what is the single largest infectious cause of death in children worldwide

A

pneuomonia

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14
Q

who is at risk of penumonia

A

infants,children under 5 and adults over 65, often called the old mans friend

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15
Q

what are the different ways in which you can get pneumonia

A

aspiration
hospital aqquired
community aqquired
healthcare associated

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16
Q

name a few risk factors

A

malnutrition (specifically child wasting) and indoor air pollution being the most prominent.
Malnutrition, especially wasting, weakens a child’s immune system, making them more susceptible to severe infections like pneumonia.
Indoor air pollution, primarily from using solid fuels for cooking and heating, leads to respiratory problems and increases the risk of pneumonia in young children.
These risk factors surpass others such as low birth weight, lack of handwashing facilities, and short gestation, although they also contribute significantly to the mortality rates.
Interventions such as improving access to clean fuels, ensuring food security, and providing community health education can potentially have a substantial impact on reducing the number of pneumonia deaths in children.

17
Q

what are the vaccines to prevent pneumocococcal diseases

A

PPSV AND PCV

18
Q

what vaccine should children recieve?

A

4 doses of PCV15 or PCV20 before age 2.

19
Q

what is the PPSV

A

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs, specifically PCV15 and PCV20)
Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23)

Polysaccharide Vaccine (PPV): over 65,
Protective over 23 different strains
Contains purified capsular polysaccharides from 23 of the most common PPV23 is mainly used in adults, particularly recommended for the elderly. It is also used in populations with certain chronic conditions that put them at higher risk of pneumococcal infections.
pneumococcal serotypes and is generally used in adults.
his vaccine is generally not used in young children or infants because the polysaccharide vaccine does not elicit a strong immune response in this age group. Children have an immature immune system that responds poorly to polysaccharides alone.

20
Q

What is PCV VACCINE

A

PCV13, PCV15, PCV20 and the polysaccharide-based pneumococcal vaccine
Conjugates the polysaccharides with a protein carrier to elicit a stronger immune response and is used primarily in children. The conjugate vaccine’s immunity is more robust and long-lasting and reduces carriage of the bacteria, therefore lowering transmission.
13 different strains
Conjugate vaccines are extensively used worldwide for childhood immunization. They have significantly reduced the incidence of pneumococcal disease in vaccinated and unvaccinated populations through herd immunity.H

21
Q

How effective has the PCV vaccine been in children

A

pneumococcal meningitis was reduced by more than 95% in infants who were fully vaccinated,

22
Q

are are limiatations to the vaccine

A
  1. access and affordability
  2. cold chain and logistics
  3. coverage and equity
  4. vaccine hesistancy
  5. variability of serotypes, over 90 strains of pneumococci
  6. emergence of vaccine resistant strains
    7 supply and funding - GAVI
    8 intergration with health systems
23
Q

how can a vaccine help to protect

A

Vaccination can lead to a decrease in disease transmission due to the development of herd immunity.
Vaccinated individuals can protect unvaccinated ones by reducing the overall prevalence of the bacteria.
When a sufficient portion of the population is immune, it can disrupt the transmission of the bacteria.
The population dynamics of different pneumococcal strains may shift in response to vaccine pressures.

24
Q

What is the relationship between a country’s GDP per capita and child pneumonia death rates?

A

There is a clear inverse relationship, suggesting that higher economic prosperity is linked to better health outcomes and lower pneumonia mortality rates in children under five.

25
Q

Why do nations with lower GDPs often have higher child pneumonia mortality rates?

A

These countries, many in Africa and Asia, may have limited access to healthcare, lower vaccination rates, and poor living conditions, contributing to higher mortality.

26
Q

How can economic development impact pneumonia-related deaths?

A

Economic development can improve health outcomes by enhancing healthcare access, improving living conditions, and supporting wider vaccination coverage.

27
Q

Why does BCG vaccine protection vary globally?

A

Protection variability (0 - 80%) is due to genetic differences among populations, variations in vaccine strains, and environmental mycobacteria exposure.

28
Q

How do environmental factors influence BCG vaccine effectiveness?

A

How do environmental factors influence BCG vaccine effectiveness?

29
Q

How long does BCG vaccine protection last, and what are its limitations?

A

BCG protection is strongest in infancy but wanes over time, typically lasting about 15 years. It is less effective at preventing adult pulmonary TB.

30
Q

Does revaccinating with BCG enhance protection against TB?

A

No, additional doses of the BCG vaccine do not significantly boost protection, which is why BCG revaccination is not typically recommended.

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