PNEUMONIA

Question 1

What is Pneumonia?

Answer 1

An infection of the lower respiratory tract, that involves the airways and parenchyma with consolidation of the alveolar spaces.

Question 2

What is pneumonitis?

Answer 2

An inflammation of the lungs with or without consolidation.

Question 3

Lobar pneumonia describes a pneumonia localized to one or more or the lung lobes.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Viruses account for upto 35% of all community acquired pneumonia’s ?

Answer 4

True (14-35%)

Question 5

What is the anatomical classification of Pneumonia ?

Answer 5

1. Lobar (Lobular) : consolidation involves whole lobe
2. Bronchopneumonia: consolidation involves scattered lobules
3. Interstitial Pneumonia : Infection and inflammation involves tissues around the air sacs

Question 6

What are some defense mechanisms seen in the respiratory system?

Answer 6

1. Mucociliary elevator
2. Coughing and sneezing
3. IgA present on respiratory mucosa aids in Opsonisation.

Question 7

What are some common Viral causes of Pneumonia categorised by age ?

Answer 7

1. Infants (1-3 months) : RSV, PIV, IV, and Adenovirus

Question 8

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of lobar pneumonia. It occurs in Infants and children of any age.

Answer 8

True

Question 9

Common causes of Pneumonia in the neonate include :

Answer 9

1. Group B streptococcus
2. E.coli
3. S. Pneumoniae

Question 10

Clinical signs and symptoms of Pneumonia in Neonates ?

Answer 10

Fever, Apnea,Hypoxia,tachypnea,cough,retraction and apprehension

Question 11

Parameters for a diagnosis of severe Pneumonia include :

Answer 11

A cough/ difficulty in breathing plus any one of;

1. Central cyanosis (or oxygen Pulse oximetry <90 %)
2. Severe respiratory distress (grunting or severe chest indrawing)
3. Danger signs ;
   - inability to breastfeed /drink
   - Lethargy/ unconsciousness
   - Convulsions