Pneumonia

Question 1

What is Pneumonia?

Answer 1

Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma.

Question 2

What causes pneumonia?

Answer 2

Pneumonia is caused by various microorganisms, including bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi and viruses.

Question 3

Classifications of Pneumonia.

Answer 3

Community acquired pneumonia CAP
Hospital acquired pneumonia HAP
Pneumonia in the immuno compromised
Aspiration pneumonia

Question 4

Where does the inflammatory reaction occur?

Answer 4

In the alveoli

Question 5

What happens as a result of the inflammation.

Answer 5

Producing an exudate that interferes with the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Question 6

What is Bronchopneumonia ?

Answer 6

Distributed in a patchy fashion from the bronchioles to surrounding lung tissue.

Question 7

What is lobar pneumonia?

Answer 7

When a substantial part or one or more lobes are involved.

Question 8

Clinical manifestations

Answer 8

Sudden chills and rapidly rising fever 
Pleuritic chest pain 
Tachypnea and dyspnea
Orthopnea when  not propped up 
Rapid and bounding pulse
Bradycardia

Question 9

Diagnostic methods

Answer 9

Chest xray

Blood and sputum cultures

Question 10

Diagnostic methods

Answer 10

Chest xray

Blood and sputum cultures

Question 10

Diagnostic methods

Answer 10

Chest xray

Blood and sputum cultures

Question 11

Medical management

Answer 11

Antibiotics (based on test results)
Oxygen therapy
Hydration

Question 12

Nursing assessment

Answer 12

Asses for: fever, chills, night sweats
Pleuritic type pain
Fatigue 
Tachypnea 
Use of accessory muscles 
Coughing, sputum (amount, odor and color) 
Bradycardia
Changes in temperature, pulse

Question 13

Give 3 nursing diagnosis

Answer 13

Ineffective airway clearance (related to copious trachealbronchial secretions)

Activity intolerance (related to impaired respiratory function)

Risk for deficient fluid volume (related to fever and rapid respiratory rate)

Question 14

Planning and Goals

Answer 14

Improved airway patency 
Maintenance of fluid volume 
Maintenance of adequate nutrition 
Rest to conserve energy
Absence of complications

Question 15

Interventions : Airway

Answer 15

Encourage hydration: 2-3 liters per day ( to loosen secretions)

Provide humidified air

Encourage to cough effectively

Nasotracheal suctioning (if necessary)

Appropriate method of oxygen therapy

Monitor effectivenof oxygen therapy

Question 16

Interventions: Fluid intake

Answer 16

Encourage fluid

Minimum 2 liters per day with electrolytes and calories

Question 17

Interventions: Rest

Answer 17

Should assume a comfortable position to promote rest and healing ( semi fowlers)
Change positions frequently to loosen secretions and enhance pulmonary ventilation and perfusion

Instruct patient not to over exert themselves– only engage in moderate activity

Question 18

Interventions: Patient Knowledge

Answer 18

Instruct on cause of pneumonia

Management of signs and symptoms

Explain treatments

Question 19

Interventions: prevention complications

Answer 19

Monitor for signs and symptoms— with treatment usually responds in 24 to 48 hours

Asses for symptoms of shock, organ failure, respiratory failure

Question 20

Home and community based care

Answer 20

Instruct to take full course of antibiotics as prescribed

Instruct about signs and symptoms that would require medical attention

Increase activity gradually

Encourage breathing exercises

Encourage patient to stop smoking

Avoid stress, fatigue, changes in temperature and excessive alcohol intake

Review principles of nutrition and rest