Pneumonia Flashcards
What is Pneumonia?
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma.
What causes pneumonia?
Pneumonia is caused by various microorganisms, including bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi and viruses.
Classifications of Pneumonia.
Community acquired pneumonia CAP
Hospital acquired pneumonia HAP
Pneumonia in the immuno compromised
Aspiration pneumonia
Where does the inflammatory reaction occur?
In the alveoli
What happens as a result of the inflammation.
Producing an exudate that interferes with the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
What is Bronchopneumonia ?
Distributed in a patchy fashion from the bronchioles to surrounding lung tissue.
What is lobar pneumonia?
When a substantial part or one or more lobes are involved.
Clinical manifestations
Sudden chills and rapidly rising fever Pleuritic chest pain Tachypnea and dyspnea Orthopnea when not propped up Rapid and bounding pulse Bradycardia
Diagnostic methods
Chest xray
Blood and sputum cultures
Diagnostic methods
Chest xray
Blood and sputum cultures
Diagnostic methods
Chest xray
Blood and sputum cultures
Medical management
Antibiotics (based on test results)
Oxygen therapy
Hydration
Nursing assessment
Asses for: fever, chills, night sweats Pleuritic type pain Fatigue Tachypnea Use of accessory muscles Coughing, sputum (amount, odor and color) Bradycardia Changes in temperature, pulse
Give 3 nursing diagnosis
Ineffective airway clearance (related to copious trachealbronchial secretions)
Activity intolerance (related to impaired respiratory function)
Risk for deficient fluid volume (related to fever and rapid respiratory rate)
Planning and Goals
Improved airway patency Maintenance of fluid volume Maintenance of adequate nutrition Rest to conserve energy Absence of complications
Interventions : Airway
Encourage hydration: 2-3 liters per day ( to loosen secretions)
Provide humidified air
Encourage to cough effectively
Nasotracheal suctioning (if necessary)
Appropriate method of oxygen therapy
Monitor effectivenof oxygen therapy
Interventions: Fluid intake
Encourage fluid
Minimum 2 liters per day with electrolytes and calories
Interventions: Rest
Should assume a comfortable position to promote rest and healing ( semi fowlers)
Change positions frequently to loosen secretions and enhance pulmonary ventilation and perfusion
Instruct patient not to over exert themselves– only engage in moderate activity
Interventions: Patient Knowledge
Instruct on cause of pneumonia
Management of signs and symptoms
Explain treatments
Interventions: prevention complications
Monitor for signs and symptoms— with treatment usually responds in 24 to 48 hours
Asses for symptoms of shock, organ failure, respiratory failure
Home and community based care
Instruct to take full course of antibiotics as prescribed
Instruct about signs and symptoms that would require medical attention
Increase activity gradually
Encourage breathing exercises
Encourage patient to stop smoking
Avoid stress, fatigue, changes in temperature and excessive alcohol intake
Review principles of nutrition and rest
