Pneumonia Flashcards
Risk factors for infection with MRSA and P. aeruginosa
- Prior isolation of the organism
- Hospitalization and treatment with an antibiotic in the previous 90 days
Aspiration pneumonia accounts for _____ of CAP cases
5-15%
The result of the proliferation of microbial pathogens at the alveolar level and the host’s response to them.
Pneumonia
3 factors that determines the constitution of the lung microbiota
- Microbial entry into the lungs
- Microbial elimination
- Regional growth conditions for bacteria (pH, oxygen tension, temperature)
Pneumonia: IL6 & TNF
fever
Pneumonia: IL8 & GSF
increase in local neutrophils
Cardiovascular events associated with pneumonia
- Congestive heart failure
- Arrhythmia
- Myocardial infarction
- Stroke
may be acute, or who occurrence may extend to at least 1 year
Mechanisms of cardiovascular events in pneumonia
- Increased myocardial load
- Destabilization of atherosclerotic plaques by inflammation
Stage of Pneumonia: proteinaceaous exudate, and often bacteria in the alveoli
Edema
Stage of Pneumonia: Erythrocytes in the intraalveolar exudate
Red Hepatization
Stage of Pneumonia: Lysis of erythrocytes, Neutrophil is the predominant cell, fibrin deposition as abundant, bacteria has disappeared
Gray hepatization
Stage of Pneumonia: corresponds to successful containment of infection and improvement of gas exchange
Gray hepatization
Stage of Pneumonia: macrophage reappears as dominant stage
Resolution
Common pattern in nosocomial pneumonia
Bronchopneumonia
Common patten in Bacterial CAP
Lobar pattern
Typical bacterial pathogens
S. pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
S. aureus (in selected patients)
Gram negative bacilli (K. pneumoniae,P. aeruginosa)
Atypical bacterial pathogens
M. pneumoniae
C. pneumoniae
Legionella species
Respiratory Viruses
___ cannot be cultures on standard media or seen on GS
Atypical organisms
Atypical organisms typically resistant to all beta lactams, and require treatment with
Macrolide
Fluoroquinolone
Tetracycline
____ of CAP cases are polymicrobial
10-15%
Known to complicate influenza virus infection
Staphylococcus aureus
Mortality patient of CAP patients treated as outpatient
<5%
Mortality rate of hospitalized CAP patients
12-40%
18% of hospitalized CAP patients are readmitted within _______
1 month of discharge
Risk factors for Community Acquired Pneumonia
- Alcoholism
- Asthma
- Immunosuppression
- Institutionalization
- Age >70 years old
Factors increasing likelihood of pneumonia in the elderly
- Decreased cough reflex
- Decreased gag reflex
- Reduce antibody and toll-like receptors
Risk factors for Pneumococcal pneumonia
- Dementia
- Seizure disorders
- Heart failure
- Cerebrovascular disease
- Alcoholism
- Tobacco smoking
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- HIV infection
Common type of pneumonia in patients with skin colonization/infection
CA-MRSA
Infection with _______ usually tend to infect patients who have recently been hospitalized, given antibiotics, who have co-morbidites
Enterobacteriaceae
Common etiology in patients with severe structural lung disease
P. aeruginosa
Risk factors for Legionella infection
- Diabetes
- Hematologic malignancy
- Cancer
- Severe renal disease
- HIV infection
- Smoking
- Male gender
- Recent hotel stay/trip on a cruise ship
Possible pathogen for Alcoholism
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Oral anaerobes
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Acinetobacter spp.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Possible pathogen for COPD and/or Smoking
Haemophilus influenzae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Legionella spp.
S. pneumoniae
Moraxella catarrhalis
Chlamydia pneumoniae
Possible pathogen for Structural lung disease
P. aeruginosa
Burkholderia cepacia
Staphylococcus aureus
Possible pathogen for Dementia, stroke, decreased level of consciousness
Oral anaerobes
Gram-negative enteric bacteria
Possible pathogen for Lung Abscess
CA-MRSA
Oral anaerobes
Endemic fungi
M. tuberculosis
Atypical mycobacteria
Possible pathogen for travel to Ohio or St. Lawrence river valley
Histoplasma capsulatum
Possible pathogen fortravel to southwestern USA
Hantavirus
Coccidioides spp
Possible pathogen for travel to Southeast Asia
Burkholderia pseudomallei
Avian influenza virus
Possible pathogen for stay in hotel or cruise ship in previous 2 weeks
Legionella sp
Possible pathogen for local influenza activity
Influenza virus
S. pneumoniae
S. aureus
Possible pathogen for exposure to infected humans
SARS CoV-2
Possible pathogen for Exposure to birds
H, capsulatum
Chlamydia psittaci
Possible pathogen for Exposure to rabbits
Francisella tularensis
Possible pathogen for Exposure to sheeps, goats, parturient cats
Coxiella burnetti
Clinical finding suggestive of Necrotizing pneumonia
Gross hemoptysis
_______ of patients has GI symptoms
20%
Possible initial symptom of CAP in the elderly
New-onset or worsening CONFUSION
Sensitivity and Specificity of Physical Exam on CAP
Sensitivity: 58%
Specificity: 67%
Chest Xray: Pneumatoceles
Staphylococcus aureus
Chest Xray: Upper-lobe cavitation
Tuberculosis
Test used to ensure suitability of specimen for culture
Sputum gram stain
Neutrophils >25
Squamous epithelial cells <10
Sputum CS, positive yield
≤50%