Diabetes mellitus

Question 1

DM refers to a group of common metabolic disorders that shares the phenotype of _____

Answer 1

Hyperglycemia

Question 2

In DM, factors contributing to hyperglycemia

Answer 2

1. Reduced insulin secretion
2. Decreased glucose utilization
3. Increased glucose production

Question 3

Main cause of morbidity and mortality in DM patients

Answer 3

Cardiovascular Disease

Question 4

Autoimmunity against the insulin-producing beta-cells

Answer 4

Type 1 DM

Question 5

Heterogenous group if disorders characterized by variable degrees of insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, increased hepatic glucose production

Answer 5

Type 2 DM

Question 6

Defects in _________ gives rise to common phenotype of hyperglycemia in Type 2 DM

Answer 6

Defects in insulin action and/or secretion

Question 7

Phase in which there is noted progressive worsening of glucose homeostasis followed by hyperglycemia

Answer 7

PRE-DIABETES
Impaired Fasting Glucose
Impaired Glucose Tolerance

Question 8

Early onset of hyperglycemia (<25 years old, sometimes in neonatal period) and impaired insulin secretion

Answer 8

Maturity-onset diabetes of the Young (MODY)

and

Monogenic Diabetes

Question 9

Pattern if inheritance in MODY and Monogenic DM

Answer 9

Autosomal Dominant

Question 10

Etiology of DM caused by pancreatic islet destruction

Answer 10

1. Cystic Fibrosis
2. Chronic Pancreatitis
3. Viral infections (extremely rare)

Question 11

A form of acute onset of type 1 DM, noted in Japan, may be related to viral infection of the islets

Answer 11

Fulminant Diabetes

Question 12

FPG 100 mg/dL
HbA1C <5.6%
2h PG <140 mg/dL

Answer 12

Normal Glucose Tolerance

Question 13

FPG 100-125 mg/dL
HbA1C 5.7-6.4%
2h PG 140-199 mg/dL

Answer 13

Impaired Fasting Glucose

Question 14

Symptoms of DM + RBS ≥200 mg/L

OR

FPG ≥200 mg/dL
HbA1C ≥6.5%
2h PG ≥200 mg/dL

Answer 14

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Question 15

Absolute insulin deficiency

Answer 15

Type 1 DM

Question 16

Fasting is defined as no caloric intake for ____

Answer 16

Atleast 8H

Question 17

In GDM, glucose intolerance develops on ____ trimester of pregnancy

Answer 17

2nd/3rd trimester of pregnancy

Question 18

Diabetes diagnosed within the first trimester be classified as _____

Answer 18

Pre-existing DM

Question 19

___% of pregnancies worldwide were affected by GDM/pre-existing DM

Answer 19

16%

Question 20

Most women with GRM revert to normal glucose tolerance postpartum but have substantial risk (____%) of developing DM in the next _______

Answer 20

35-60%; next 10-20 years

Question 21

Lifelong screening for DM in mothers with history of GDM should be done every _____

Answer 21

Every 3 years

Question 22

Examples or Atypical Diabetes

Answer 22

Happens before puberty
On Very Lean Individuals
Ketosis-prone DM

Question 23

Harbinger of Type 2 DM

Answer 23

Impaired Glucose Tolerance

Question 24

Definition of Impaired Fasting Glucose

Answer 24

FPG 100-125 mg/dL

Question 25

Definition of Impaired Glucose Tolerance

Answer 25

2h PG 140-199 mg/dL

Question 26

Most reliable and convenient tests for identifying DM in asymptomatic individuals

Answer 26

HbA1C
FPG

Question 27

Screening for DM

Answer 27

1. Overweight/Obese with the ff risk factors
-family history of DM
-race/ethnicity
-BP ≥140/90 mmHg
-HDL <35 mg/dL or TAGA >250 mg/dL
-PCOS/Acanthosis nigricans
-History of Cardiovascular Disease
-Physical Inactivity
-Other conditions associated with
Insulin Resistance

2. Previously identified as pre-diabetic
Should be screened anually

3. Women with GDM
Screened every 3 years

4. ≥ 45 years old
Screened every 3 years

5. Individuals with HIV

Question 28

Most important regulator of this metabolic equilibrium

Answer 28

Glucose Homeostasis