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SC Bibliography > PN 0979 Rescue > Flashcards

PN 0979 Rescue Flashcards

1
Q

(Additional control measures - rescues from vehicles)

Our main partners on the road network are…

A

• police
• Highways Agency
• local highways authorities
• ambulance and paramedic service
• vehicle recovery agents

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2
Q

(Additional control measures - rescues from vehicles)

The police retain overall primacy where they are in attendance, but most importantly a…

A

co-ordinated response should be taken involving all agencies in attendance.

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3
Q

(Additional control measures - rescues from vehicles)

When working on ‘class A’ roads or motorways the Highways Agency may attend and their principal objective is to…

A

manage the traffic, with the aim of reducing congestion and improving traffic flows.

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4
Q

(Additional control measures - rescues from vehicles)

Although police guidance states that they and the Highways Agency have a responsibility to provide a safe working area for other services, the LFB incident commander (IC) is responsible for the…

A

safety of LFB personnel and for the impact of LFB operations on others.

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5
Q

(Additional control measures - rescues from vehicles)

It is essential that early liaison between all agencies in attendance is carried out, and that…

A

the clear needs of the Brigade are expressed.

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6
Q

(Additional control measures - rescues from vehicles)

The IC should confirm there is an agreed understanding with other agencies attending the incident regarding…

A

the establishment of a safe working area on the roadway.

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7
Q

(Additional control measures - rescues from vehicles)

Effective scene management will be achieved by…

Hint: balancing…

A

balancing the needs of all responders.

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8
Q

(Additional control measures - rescues from vehicles)

In the event of any disagreement between agencies regarding the establishment of the safe area of operation, the IC should…

A

request the attendance of a LFB senior officer via Brigade Control.

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9
Q

(Additional control measures - rescues from vehicles)

The positioning of appliances in the ‘fend off’ position, where this is necessary to create a safe working area, will provide…

A

a barrier between the scene of operations and approaching vehicles.

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10
Q

(Additional control measures - rescues from vehicles)

Pumping appliances should park before, and ‘special appliances’ beyond the incident, where possible and/or appropriate, creating…

A

the boundaries of the safe working area.

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11
Q

(Additional control measures - rescues from vehicles)

High visibility of appliances and personnel is essential when working near moving vehicles, especially…

A

on roads that have fast moving traffic or sharp bends and undulations.

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12
Q

(Additional control measures - rescues from vehicles)

The requirement to wear hi-visibility clothing takes priority over…

A

the requirement to wear any other identification tabard.

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13
Q

(Additional control measures - rescues from vehicles)

High visibility clothing must be worn by all attending LFB personnel except…

A

those wearing BA.

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14
Q

(Additional control measures - rescues from vehicles)

Where BA is required, wearers are not to rig in high-visibility clothing but must…

A

only operate within the defined safe working area.

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15
Q

(Additional control measures - rescues from vehicles)

If hazardous materials are suspected to be involved in an incident the IC must request the attendance of…

A

a hazardous materials and environmental protection officer (HMEPO).

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16
Q

(Additional control measures - rescues from vehicles)

Hazardous load identification may be established through:

Hint: V/PM HIDP LMD

A

(a) Vehicle/package markings.
(b) Hazard identification plates; and/or
(c) Load manifest documents.

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17
Q

(Additional control measures - rescues from vehicles)

The IC should consider the potential for any incident to be a crime scene, and where possible…

A

avoid any unnecessary movement of vehicles or other actions that may adversely affect incident investigation.

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18
Q

(Additional control measures - rescues from vehicles)

The IC must maintain continuous close liaison with…

A

all agencies that are in attendance.

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19
Q

(Additional control measures - rescues from vehicles)

As the incident progresses and especially when the incident moves towards resolution, re-evaluation of the…

A

incident impact on the roadway must be undertaken in conjunction with the police and/or HATO and appropriate action taken.

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20
Q

(Additional control measures - rescues from vehicles)

The IC must note that any action taken to open traffic lanes, remove debris and/or re-position LFB appliances/ emergency vehicles may have a direct impact on…

A

the LFB safe area of operations.

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21
Q

(Additional control measures - rescues from vehicles)

The IC must make any necessary adjustments to maintain a safe area of operations in all circumstances. Any adjustments must be…

A

communicated to all LFB personnel and other Emergency Services personnel.

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22
Q

(Additional control measures - rescues from vehicles)

Firefighters must dismount the appliance on the side away from any moving traffic. Where appliance cab design prevents the driver from doing this, the driver should…

A

actively check for approaching traffic from all directions, using the appliance mirrors, before dismounting the appliance.

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23
Q

(Additional control measures - rescues from vehicles)

If road conditions dictate that the driver cannot dismount safely, the appliance should be…

A

repositioned to facilitate this.

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24
Q

(Additional control measures - rescues from vehicles)

Drivers must always rig in PPE in…

A

a safe working area.

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25
Q

(Additional control measures - rescues from vehicles)

Where appropriate, a request should be made to Brigade Control, requesting that a message is…

Hint: OHG & MS

A

displayed on overhead gantries and matrix signs to warn approaching traffic of the incident and presence of LFB personnel and appliances.

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26
Q

(Additional control measures - rescues from vehicles)

This request (OHG & MS) should contain as much relevant information as possible; this includes…

A

road numbers and direction of carriageway; roadside marker posts; junction numbers; bridge or underpass identification plates; or emergency telephone identification numbers.

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27
Q

(Additional control measures - rescues from vehicles)

The IC must ensure that:

Hint: (high standard basics)

A

(a) A safe working environment is created; this should involve the use of a Safety officer and early identification of the vehicle and fuel type. This should be communicated to other agencies as a priority.
(b) Appropriate extinguishing media is available for immediate use; and
(c) All fires are extinguished

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28
Q

(Additional control measures - rescues from vehicles)
As soon as practicable the IC should then commence a thorough search of the area for any casualties, as they may not always be…

A

confined to vehicles, or the area immediately affected by the incident.

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29
Q

If the ambulance services are not in attendance, casualties should be prioritised in order of…

A

medical need.

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30
Q

In consultation with the ambulance service, The IC should develop an extrication plan, to ensure trapped casualties are released…

A

in order of priority.

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31
Q

Fire Rescue Units must not be returned from incidents where…

A

a “Persons Trapped” informative message has been sent from the incident.

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32
Q

Where appropriate, an inner cordon should be established around the scene of operations. Only personnel… …should be in this area.

A

wearing the appropriate PPE and equipment directly involved with the rescue of persons

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33
Q

The inner cordon should be a minimum of… …around the perimeter of the vehicle.

A

two meters

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34
Q

An “outer cordon” should be established, from where the IC will…???…and where any available personnel or resources should…???…
This area should be a minimum of…???…around the inner cordon.

A

monitor the progress of the operational plan

remain prior to deployment.

five metres

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35
Q

(Additional control measures - rescues from vehicles)
The IC should consider the need to establish and mark out with tape or other suitable identification…???…to support operations. These will help ensure working areas are kept clear of items that might otherwise create a hazard as operations progress.

A

‘equipment’ and ‘cut parts’ dumps,

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36
Q

Vehicles must be stabilised as soon as possible to allow…

A

crews to work safely in, on, or around them.

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37
Q

The vehicle stabilisation process:

Hint: modern electrics then basics

A

(a) Switch the vehicle ignition off and remove the key. Apply the handbrake and engage the gearbox. Automatic gearboxes to be placed in Park.
Note: The vehicle electrical system may be required to apply handbrake and engage the gearbox.
(b) Chock the vehicle wheels, unless doing so would further de-stabilise the vehicle.
(c) Isolate vehicle(s) electrical supply and render battery operated vehicles electrically safe.
Guidance is provided on Auto-data via the MDT.
Note: the vehicle electrical system may be required to wind down windows, move seats etc; therefore, vehicle electrics should only be isolated after these tasks have been completed.
(d) Some vehicles have proximity keys that do not require the insertion of an ignition key to enable the vehicles electrical and other systems. The operating range of these keys varies from vehicle to vehicle, and this system must always be considered live until the key is at least 20m from the vehicle, guidance is provided on Auto-data via the MDT.

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38
Q

Stabilisation must be continually re-assessed during…

A

casualty removal; cutting operations; and whenever people enter or leave the vehicle, in order to maintain a stable working platform for personnel.

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39
Q

Personnel involved in the treatment of casualties should:

A

(a) Establish contact with the casualty
(b) Provide reassurance; and
(c) Undertake a casualty assessment.

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40
Q

(Additional control measures - rescues from vehicles)
Casualties must be suitably protected from…

A

further injury arising from any extrication operations.

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41
Q

Firefighters at incidents who provide care for casualties must continue to do so until…

A

an appropriate suitably qualified medical professional arrives on scene and is ready to take over responsibility for the casualty.

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42
Q

(Additional control measures - rescues from vehicles)
Firefighters must ensure that casualties are informed of the…

A

extrication plan at all stages.

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43
Q

Examination gloves must be worn whenever…???… A new pair of examination gloves must be worn for each casualty to avoid…???…

A

casualty handling is undertaken.

the risk of cross contamination.

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44
Q

In addition to full PPE and high visibility clothing, crews working in close proximity to the extrication process must use…

A

the full visor fitted within their fire helmet.

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45
Q

(Additional control measures - rescues from vehicles)
(The IC must) Ascertain the number and location of persons trapped in vehicles, and the number of persons who are…

A

not trapped but who will require medical attention.

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46
Q

Where, subject to a risk assessment it has been decided that respiratory protection is required, crews should use a respirator or breathing apparatus (BA). The conditions should then…

A

continue to be monitored to ensure the risk assessment remains valid and the appropriate PPE and RPE is worn.

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47
Q

Vehicle glass should not be removed or broken unless…

A

it is absolutely necessary.

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48
Q

In order to gain access, or as part of a process of safely removing doors or the roof, the controlled breakage and removal of glass may be required. When breaking glass, the…???…must be used, and care must be taken to protect…???… from flying fragments and the resulting debris.

A

glass management equipment

any casualties or other persons in the vicinity

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49
Q

If a vehicle windscreen is to be removed in one piece, this task must be undertaken by a minimum of…

A

two firefighters.

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50
Q

Supplementary restraint systems (SRS) consist of…???…designed to assist in the protection of occupants during a collision.

A

airbags and/or seat belt pre-tensioners

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51
Q

The majority of modern vehicles are fitted with SRS and should be treated as being…???…unless there is reliable information to confirm these systems are not present.

A

installed and live

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52
Q

When SRS fail to actuate due to an electrical fault, or due to the impact not being sufficient to cause actuation, they may…

A

create an additional hazard for emergency service personnel.

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53
Q

All vehicle SRS should be treated as…???…if they have not deployed.

A

live

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54
Q

The vehicle electrical system must be isolated to prevent SRS actuation. Even after isolation…

A

residual power in the vehicle electrical system may remain for up to 30 minutes and actuate SRS devices.

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55
Q

All SRS power connections in a vehicle will be coloured…

A

yellow.

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56
Q

Airbag restraints must be used to…

A

minimise the hazard of actuation.

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57
Q

Fireground radios should not be used from inside a vehicle to transmit messages if the vehicle has confirmed…

A

un-activated SRS.

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58
Q

Whenever an airbag has operated within a vehicle and the doors and windows are shut, the vehicle should be…

A

ventilated as soon as possible to create a more breathable atmosphere.

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59
Q

An airbag which has activated should not be cut, as this will…

A

spread further residue.

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60
Q

If the control system is damaged, there is a possibility of post-accident actuation of the crash roll bar system. It should be noted that they may…

A

activate without warning and with considerable speed and force.

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61
Q

Found on modern convertible cars, (crash deploying) roll bar systems activate using…

A

acceleration and tilt information when a vehicle is involved in an accident.

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62
Q

Dual fuel vehicles are provided with a…???…which can be utilised alongside fuels, such as diesel and petrol. They may be powered by…???…

A

supplementary power system

various types of gas, such as LPG or hydrogen; or a High Voltage (HV) battery system.

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63
Q

An…???…should be considered for advice if an alternate fuel is identified.

A

HMEPO

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64
Q

When a vehicle fitted with an LPG system is involved in a fire, the incident should be treated as a…

A

cylinder incident.

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65
Q

If the LPG system is leaking and not involved in a fire, then it should be treated as a…

A

hazardous substance.

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66
Q

Vehicles fitted with a high voltage electrical system should always be considered as live, even if…

A

the engine is not running.

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67
Q

The removal of the ignition key or disconnection of the 12-volt battery will isolate the electrical system, but depending on the vehicle’s power source, these actions may not…???…Some vehicle power cells may remain live…???…available via MDT provides guidance for specific vehicle types and models.

A

render all sources of electric power on the vehicle safe.

Auto-data

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68
Q

(Road vehicle) High voltage cables are always coloured orange; if exposed they should not be touched. To isolate the high voltage system, Auto-data on the MDT should be used to identify the location of the…???…This should then be…???…Or disconnected as per guidance on the MDT.

A

‘Cut-loop’.

double cut to remove an entire section. This is to eliminate the risk of the wires accidently reconnecting.

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69
Q

(Additional control measures - rescues from confined spaces)
If crews are not immediately required for deployment on the incident ground they should…???…until they are deployed on the incident ground. This is to ensure entry into the confined space is not made in an uncontrolled manner.

A

await instructions for deployment in a place of safety, which will be designated by the IC,

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70
Q

(Confined spaces)

Entry into a confined space must not be undertaken unless:
(a) ???
(b) ???
Where possible this should be documented and recorded on…???…

A

(a) To save a saveable life.
(b) If the incident cannot be resolved safely unless entry into a confined space is made.

the key decision log on the CU and an analytical risk assessment.

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71
Q

(Confined spaces)

The IC must check for all available…???…at the site and any surrounding risks.

A

all available hazard signage

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72
Q

The IC must ensure that any…???…is located and is requested to remain on site, to provide information that will assist the IC in the development of an incident plan.

A

site engineer/responsible person

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73
Q

The IC must consider the early deployment of…???…Confined space incidents have the potential to be very high risk and it is essential that the IC implements a robust incident command structure at the earliest opportunity.

A

Safety Officers and Sector Commanders.

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74
Q

Whenever an entry into a confined space is made it is imperative that a…???… is initiated and maintained, where possible this should be documented and recorded on the decision log.

A

planned safe system of work

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75
Q

The IC must ensure an effective…???… is initiated and maintained with any crew deploying into the confined space.

A

communication system

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76
Q

Personnel must not enter the confined space without breathing apparatus, unless…

A

atmospheric testing has confirmed the atmosphere is safe and breathable.

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77
Q

Regular testing and monitoring of the atmosphere within the confined space is required to confirm this, and all atmospheric readings…

A

must be recorded.

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78
Q

Regular testing and monitoring of the atmosphere within the confined space is required to confirm this, and all atmospheric readings…

A

must be recorded.

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79
Q

Whenever an entry is made into a confined space, even if crews are not wearing breathing apparatus, the IC must initiate a strict method of entry control, recording the following information:
(5)
There are a range of methods available for the recording of this information. These are:
(2)

A

• The names of the personnel entering.
• The time they enter.
• The task they will be undertaking.
• Where available, gas monitor readings.
• The location where they will be working

• If wearing breathing apparatus, the entry control board.
• If not wearing breathing apparatus the Forward Information Board (FIB), which is carried on all Pump Ladders in the early stages of the incident

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80
Q

Essential electrical supplies must be maintained, but non-essential electrical supplies and other mechanical power systems such as generators should be isolated. This should be tasked to onsite staff and if appropriate…

A

a firefighter is to remain at isolation point to ensure power is not reinstated inappropriately.

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81
Q

(Confined spaces)

Safe access and egress must always be maintained, and crews should be…

A

kept to a minimum in these areas.

82
Q

The IC must consider the use of…???…where available, to minimise the hazards within the confined space. An on-site specialist/site manager, if present, should be able to assist the IC with this information.

A

ventilation systems, fixed installations, and gas purging systems

83
Q

Potential hazards such as…???…should be isolated where appropriate.

A

gas, liquid or other free flowing solids

84
Q

When working in a confined space that contains free flowing solids, additional safety measures may need to be applied such as…

A

line operations.

85
Q

The IC should also consider the need for…???…when crews enter a confined space, where they may be…???…further advice can be given by the duty Hazardous Materials and Environmental Protection Officer (HMEPO).

A

decontamination procedures

contaminated by fluids such as stagnant water or sewage,

86
Q

To prevent the ingress of exhaust fumes into a confined space, vehicles that are not required for operational tasks such as pumping are to…

A

switch off the engine or parked away from the hazard zone.

87
Q

Once it has been determined that confined space safe systems of work are to be implement, the IC must establish and maintain…

A

strict control over personnel accessing the confined space.

88
Q

The number of personnel entering the confined space should be…

A

kept to the minimum required.

89
Q

A thermal image camera (TIC) may help to locate casualties; however, it must be remembered that the TIC is not…

A

certified as intrinsically safe, and any risk of explosion should be eliminated before use.

90
Q

If preplanning has taken place, and there is a…???…for the premises, this should be conveyed by the incident commander to all relevant personnel at the incident.

A

confined space action plan

91
Q

The IC should gather relevant information at the earliest opportunity this should include:

A

• Contents of the confined space and any process carried out within that space.
• Utilities isolation.
• Ventilation systems.
• Fixed installations.
• Isolation from ingress of liquids/free flowing solids.
• Availability of specialist machinery/subject matter experts.
• Location and nature of incident.
• Persons involved/work being carried out.
• Access/egress points.
• Hazards

92
Q

There is a progressive approach to the level of protection available to crews. The…???…dependant on the situation and prevailing conditions, will determine the appropriate level.

A

IC

93
Q

All crews deploying into the confined space should carry…

A

an active gas detection monitor as soon as one is available.

94
Q

Where personnel are required to enter a confined space, this function should ideally be carried out by…
The IC will need to carry out a risk assessment to determine which of the following levels of PPE are to be implemented, as part of the safe system of work.
PPE level and crew types
Firefighters or confined space trained FRU crews wearing full structural firefighting PPE.
Criteria
• When casualty is within sight of the entrance, and an active gas detection monitor is deployed.
• It is confirmed that the atmosphere within the confined space is sate to enter.
• Delaying the rescue operations could lead to an immediate risk to human life.
Firefighters or appropriately trained USAR FRU crews wearing full structural firefighting PPE with SDBA/EDBA.
• Must be used when it cannot be confirmed that the environment to be entered has a safe breathable atmosphere, or there is no active gas detection monitoring system in operation.

A

USAR confined space trained FRU personnel.

95
Q

PPE & Crew Type:

Firefighters or confined space trained FRU crews wearing full structural firefighting PPE

Criteria:

A

• When casualty is within sight of the entrance, and an active gas detection monitor is deployed
• It is confirmed that the atmosphere within the confined space is safe to enter.
• Delaying the rescue operations could lead to an immediate risk to human life.

96
Q

PPE and Crew Type:

Firefighters or appropriately trained USAR FRU crews wearing full structural firefighting PPE with SDBA/EDBA.

Criteria:

A

• Must be used when it cannot be confirmed that the environment to be entered has a safe breathable atmosphere, or there is no active gas detection monitoring system in operation.

97
Q

PPE and Crew Type:

Appropriately trained USAR FRU personnel wearing dry suits, gloves and USAR helmet with headlight, equipped with EDBA or SDBA.

Criteria:

A

• Must be used when the incident dictates that dry suits are required (i.e. sewer rescue) and crews are entering an atmosphere that cannot be confirmed as safe and breathable.

98
Q

PPE and Crew Type:

USAR appropriately trained FRU crews wearing the appropriate level of USAR PPE.

Criteria:

A

• When the IC has determined that the incident is a USAR incident.

99
Q

PPE and Crew Type:

USAR appropriately trained FRU personnel wearing appropriate PPE equipped with SavOX escape set.

Criteria:

A

• This level is only to be considered when it is confirmed that there is a safe atmosphere present within the confined space.
• Where it can be confirmed that the atmosphere is safe and breathable a SavOX set will be carried by crews as an additional safety control measure. The set is to be used if the atmosphere deteriorates so rapidly that crews need to return to a place of safety outside of the confined space.
• If deploying with SavOX crews must carry an active gas detection monitor.

100
Q

13.27 FRU personnel who have undertaken the USAR confined space operators’ course have been trained in the use of…???… Only those personnel who have been trained in the use of the …???…can use it in an operational environment.

A

the SavOX escape set.

the SavOX escape set

101
Q

The SavOX escape set is only to be used for…???…it does not enable the crew to undertake work within a confined space with oxygen deficient/toxic atmospheres

A

the withdrawal of crews in an emergency situation;

102
Q

A silo is a container or tower, often cylindrical in shape, used for the storage of…

A

silage, grain, powders, pellets, or crops.

103
Q

Silage is any crop harvested while…???…and kept succulent by…???…in a silo.

A

green for fodder

partial fermentation

104
Q

Personnel must not enter a silo unless there is…

A

an immediate threat of serious injury or loss of life.

105
Q

If a decision is made to commit personnel into a silo, the IC must:
• Seek advice from…???…and/ or the…???… before commencing operations.

A

a responsible person

technical rescue advisor (TAR)

106
Q

(If a decision is made to commit personnel into a silo, the IC must - continued) The following information should be obtained:
(i) If the silo is empty, the contents previously stored and whether any decommissioning has taken place.
(i) Explosive risk and extent of safe working area.
(iii) Availability of on-site specialist equipment (e.g. water or thermometer probes, lifting equipment, de-canting machinery).
(iv) Fixed installations available and/or activated, (e.g dry/wet risers, drenching agents).
(v) Water supplies and effects of applying extinguishing medium on contents or structure.

A
107
Q

(If a decision is made to commit personnel into a silo, the IC must - continued)
• Implement…???…It must be presumed that the contents of a silo will not support the weight of any personnel entering
• Ensure there is…???…inside the silo.
• Appoint and brief…???…before personnel enter the silo.
• Take into consideration that although gas monitors may indicate a safe atmosphere is present, where…???…occurs there is the potential for an irrespirable atmosphere to be present below the…???…, which could cause a rapid change in conditions if the…???… were to collapse.

A

level 2 line operations

adequate light and ventilation

safety officers

bridging/bridged grain/bridge

108
Q

(If a decision is made to commit personnel into a silo, the IC must - continued)
• Contents may become dislodged by vibration, caused by…???…This may alter the contents behavioural characteristics, which could release or give off…???…which may be…???…Consider the use of a…???…to reduce/prevent dust build up.

A

internal/ external movements, heating or wetting.

vapour or dust

toxic or explosive.

fine spray

109
Q

(Silos)

A thermal image camera (TIC) may help to locate casualties; however, it must be remembered that the TIC is not and…???…any risk of…???…should be eliminated before use.

A

certified as intrinsically safe

explosion

110
Q

(Silos)

Equipment that is not being used must be returned to the ground as soon as practicable, to prevent it…???…

A

falling and creating a hazard to crews working in the vicinity below.

111
Q

Vehicles and staff must be prevented from…???…. at any access points.

A

tipping in contents

112
Q

Vehicles and staff must be prevented from…???…. at any access points.

A

tipping in contents

113
Q

Crews entering a silo must be led by a…

A

leading firefighter as a minimum.

114
Q

If the silo has a discharge control mechanism, it must be…???…A firefighter must be nominated, fully briefed, and remain…???…

A

in the closed position.

adjacent to the mechanism at all times throughout the incident to prevent it from being opened or turned back on without authorisation from the IC.

115
Q

• Consider the use of a…???…to reduce/prevent dust build up.

A

fine spray

116
Q

Under no circumstances should crews enter a working silo or work beneath the silo during…

A

training

117
Q

At incidents involving Thames Water/contractor’s employees there should be a…???…present who will be able to brief the IC regarding the sewer layout size and access points, what the employees were doing and their last known location, any specific hazards and possibly the nature of the injuries.

A

Company representative

118
Q

Despite the safety measures adopted by Thames Water and their contractors, some risk remains of their personnel being…???…within sewers.

A

Overcome or trapped

119
Q

The possibility of…???…becoming trapped, overcome or swept away in a sewer, culvert or sewage area also cannot be discounted.

A

unauthorised persons

120
Q

lf a decision is made to commit personnel into a sewer, the IC must implement the following:
• Seek advice from a…???…If one isn’t present a request must be made via Control by using a priority message. They can assist with information gathering such as…???…
• Request weather information, via Control, regarding…???…. Personnel working on the surface must remain alert to…???…
• Send an informative message stating that personnel are being deployed below ground. This must include:…???…
• Inform Control when operations are complete, and all LFB personnel are…???…Control will then inform the Thames Water…???… so that Thames Water can control or divert water, in the sewer system, as required.
• Commit crew(s) via. ..???…The access cover either side of this entry point must be…???…
• A leaky feeder Effective lines of communication must be established between the surface and rescue crews before they move into the sewer. If the crew(s) will be working out of line of sight, a leaky feeder cable must be laid as soon as one is available.
• Position a gas detection monitor at the foot of the access shaft, as soon as possible, and continually monitor it.
• Nominate a firefighter to complete the sub surface section of the incident command wallet.
• Request an FRU if crews need to be committed out of line of sight. FRU confined space trained personnel with appropriate protection are to be committed as the preferred option except where delaying the rescue operations could lead to a threat to or deterioration to human life.
• Ensure the use of intrinsically safe equipment.
• Good hygiene practices of those entering the sewer system. No member of the Brigade should enter the sewer with an unprotected open cut or wound. Firefighters who have entered a sewer or who have come into contact with sewage or anything (including water) contaminated with sewage, should wash their hands, forearms and other exposed areas of skin with an antiseptic solution and rinse with water.
• Ensure that crews do not eat drink or smoke on the incident ground to avoid contaminants being ingested
• Ensure that access covers on each side of the reported location of the casualty(s) are opened.

A

• site representative
• sewage flow rates and direction
• Rainfall
• sudden heavy rainfall
(i) Number of personnel being committed
(ii) Location from where they are being committed.
(iii) Activities they are being tasked to carry out.
• withdrawn from the sewer system
• Duty Manager
• the access point closest to the last known position of the casualty(s)
• opened prior to entry to improve ventilation and lighting within the sewer system.

121
Q

Crews working at subsurface level must inform the IC of any change of…???…

A

exit route.

122
Q

Any firefighter who sustains cuts, scratches or abrasions of the skin must clean them by washing as soon as possible. The injury is then to be…

A

reported via SERD.

123
Q

Any wound should be covered with a…???…adhesive plaster or dressing. The injured firefighter must be…???…The doctor must be advised that the injury…???…

A

waterproof

removed to hospital for treatment

may have been contaminated by sewage.

124
Q

Where Thames Water or their subcontractors, already have…???…in place, this can be used, as a risk assessment determining that it is fit for purpose has already been carried out

A

intrinsically safe lighting

125
Q

Station commanders are to make sure that programmed continuation training is undertaken. While it is recommended that continuation training for working near water be undertaken at least…???…this can be increased if the need is identified by the Station Commander or Sub/Stn Officer.

A

once a year

126
Q

It is essential to make sure systems are in place to…???…locations where water operations may take place and this needs to be recorded on the…???…

A

identify and inspect

ORD

127
Q

It is essential to make sure systems are in place to…???…locations where water operations may take place and this needs to be recorded on the…???…

A

identify and inspect

ORD

128
Q

Hierarchy of rescue (water operations)

A

Talk
Reach
Throw
Wade
Row
Go/Tow

129
Q

Define Level 1 Water Operations

A

Firefighters work within 3m of unprotected water or where firefighters enter water to conduct operations to a depth where there is no danger of them being swept off their feet and their structural firefighting PPE is not compromised.

130
Q

(Level 1 Water Ops) The IC must:

A

• Establish a restricted zone at least 3m from any unprotected water’s edge unless available protection is substantial.
• The minimum PPE for any firefighter entering water to affect a rescue is:
(1) Full structural firefighting kit. Fire helmets should be removed unless there is risk of head injury. If worn the chin strap should be left unfastened.
(ii) Personal floatation device (PFD).
• Should nominate a safety officer who should be equipped with a throw line.
• When working near moving water the IC should nominate and position “spotters” upstream and downstream. Downstream spotters should be equipped with throw lines.

131
Q

When conducting a rescue under level 1 water ops conditions the following hierarchy of rescue applies:

A

• Talk (self-rescue) - Make contact with the casualty quickly. The casualty should be encouraged to ‘self-rescue as this is usually the safest option.
• Reach - Use appliance equipment to reach the casualty and pull them to the bank.
• Throw - Use a floating throw line to reach the casualty and pull them to the bank.

132
Q

Firefighters not trained in swift water rescue (SRT) may only be committed to water to carry out a rescue as a…???…when the situation is so critical that to await the arrival of further resources is likely to…

A

last resort,

result in the loss of human life.

133
Q

Before a firefighter (non SRT) enters the water to effect a rescue, the incident must be escalated to level 2 water operations and the following control measures must be in place:

A

• A firefighter who is considered competent and capable of performing the rescue should be identified by the IC.
• All personnel must be fully briefed.
• A floating safety line supervisor must be in place.
• Anyone entering the water must be rigged correctly and attached to a floating safety line.
• Consider using inflated fire hose to provide additional buoyancy.
• Effective communications must be established and maintained between the IC, the rescuer and all safety personnel.
• Keep noise to a minimum around the area of operations to facilitate clear verbal communications.
• Personnel should enter the water slowly to minimise cold water shock and reduce the chance of injury.
• Gauge the depth of the water before entering and if necessary, take a ceiling hook or other piece of equipment to regularly gauge the water depth.
• The floating safety line supervisor is to monitor the rescuer for signs of distress. If they appear in distress or become unresponsive, they must be withdrawn immediately.
• Any firefighter committed to the water should be replaced by FRU SRT as soon as practicable.
16.9 As soon as practicable a priority message must be sent detailing what actions have been taken.

134
Q

Define Level 2 water operations

A

Operations where firefighters or FRU SRTs have to enter still or moving water to affect a rescue or where SRT’s have to enter the water for other purposes, such as moving HVP submersible pump.
Rescues from both ice and mud also constitute a level 2 water operation. This includes all incidents involving members of the public in the water.

135
Q

Wade - Other than in exceptional circumstances, a wade rescue can only be carried out by…???… A wade rescue is defined as…

A

FRU SRT

entering the water to carry out a ‘Reach’ or ‘Throw’ rescue.

136
Q

Row or Go/Tow can ONLY be carried out by…

A

FRU SRTs.

137
Q

Row - This intervention should be considered in the following order:

A

(i) A tethered and empty boat or rescue path.
(ii) A tethered and crewed boat/ path.
(iii) An untethered and crewed boat.

138
Q

Go/Tow - This intervention should be considered in the following order:

A

(i) Tethered
(ii) Non tethered

139
Q

Rescues from unstable surfaces using the rescue path should be considered as…

A

Row rescues.

140
Q

Rescues from swift moving water require specialist training and equipment, provided on…

A

FRUs with water rescue attribute.

141
Q

ONLY FRU SRTs should enter swift moving water. FRU SRTs carrying out a wade, row, or go/tow rescues must wear full water rescue PPE. consisting of:

A

• Drysuit
• PFD
• Water rescue helmet
• Gloves
• Thermal under clothing as required

142
Q

FRU SRTs carrying out a wade, row, or go/tow rescues must wear…

A

full water rescue PPE.

143
Q

The IC should position downstream safety officers dressed in full PPE (minimum lifejacket) and equipped with throw lines. If practicable, they should be positioned on…

A

both sides of the watercourse.

144
Q

Spotters should be positioned upstream and if practicable on…???…to give advance warning of any…???…heading towards the scene.

A

both sides of the watercourse

surface hazard

145
Q

The IC is to ensure that an effective communications link is maintained, either…???…and all spotters are…

A

visually or with radio coms

rigged appropriately

146
Q

Crossing frozen water surfaces can present significant hazards that can only be controlled or eliminated by…???…, using appropriate…

A

FRU SRTs

equipment and safe systems of work.

147
Q

If the initial call was not to an ice related incident, the initial IC must send the priority message:

A

“Implement water operations procedure level-2, rescue path required”

148
Q

When Brigade Control receives this message (implement level 2 water operations. Rescue path required) they will order…

A

two FRUs with BT and Path attribute and mobilise a TAR and SC.

149
Q

Throw lines and inflatable hose kits carried on pump ladders/ pumps should be deployed…???…of an incident.

A

in the initial stages

150
Q

Mud rescues can present additional hazards, particularly on the tidal Thames, and are only to be conducted by…???… wearing full water rescue PPE, using appropriate equipment and safe systems of work.

A

FRU SRTs or fireboat crews

151
Q

If the incident is on the River Thames the IC should consider the…???…and ensure the fireboat has been ordered if it is not already in attendance. …???…information is available from Control, TARs, other agencies on the river and online…???…tables.

A

state of the tide

Tidal

tide

152
Q

IC’s must not commit untrained personnel on mud, ice or…???…unless the situation is so critical that to await the arrival of further resources is likely to…???…
In such circumstances every effort must be made to…???…

A

partially frozen water

result in loss of human life.

reduce the risk to firefighters.

153
Q

The risk associated with subsurface rescue is considered to be too high because it involves hazards which go beyond the capability of LFB safe working procedures, breathing apparatus and PPE.
As a result, firefighters MUST NOT attempt rescues which involve them…???…

A

placing their head under the surface of the water.

154
Q

London Fire Brigade breathing apparatus MUST NOT be used…???…as the equipment is not designed for this task.

A

under water

155
Q

Level 3 water operations involve the deployment of the…???…where firefighters may be required to work under the guidance of FRU SRT
…???…

A

Flood Response Kit (FRK)

near, on or in floodwater.

156
Q

During Level 3 Water Operations, all personnel must work within the…???…

A

limitations of their training and equipment.

157
Q

For guidance to support Incident Command at protracted wide area flood incidents, please refer to the…???… Flood Rescue Concept of Operations and the…???…for arrangements and Mutual Aid Protocols.

A

Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (Defra)

National Coordination and Advisory Framework (NCAF)

158
Q

Level 3 water operations relate to…???…

A

local and widespread flooding.

159
Q

(Types of flood)

??? (river) - This can occur as a result of:
• Freshwater flows in a…???…that exceed the capacity of the channel if undefended.
• Overtopping the defences, or through a breach, howsoever caused, in the defences during high flows caused by…???…

A

Fluvial

tributary

prolonged or intense rainfall (summer thunderstorm).

160
Q

…???…(rain) - This is usually, but not exclusively, associated with intense rainfall in a summer thunderstorm that exceeds the capacity of the installed…???…
• Surface water flooding, as a result of rainwater not being able to drain away at the rate at which it is accumulating, can occur throughout London.
• In addition, localised flood events such as a burst water main, …???…(a rare occurrence and restricted to only a few areas in the Capital) and contained water flood (reservoirs, private lakes and canals) may also lead to protracted incidents and require significant resources.
• Tunnels and drainage conduits may result in floodwater being…???…

A

Pluvial

drainage system

groundwater flood

conveyed beyond the area immediately affected by flooding.

161
Q

The…???… based in London will provide extreme rainfall alerts and flood warnings to strategic managers.

A

Flood Forecasting Centre (FFC)

162
Q

The…???… based in London will provide extreme rainfall alerts and flood warnings to strategic managers.

A

Flood Forecasting Centre (FFC)

163
Q

(Types of flood) Tidal - This can occur as a result of:
• Overtopping of existing defences due to a severe storm surge in the North Sea, either in combination with…???…, or a surge alone.
• Through a breach resulting either from…???…(embankments and barriers).
• Failure of a…???…to operate, either during a normal tidal sequence or a storm surge.

A

high freshwater flows from upstream

a malicious act, accident or structural failure in existing defences

barrier

164
Q

A flooding incident typically has…???…sequential phases.

A

Three

165
Q

(Phases of flood)

Phase 1 - This includes but is not restricted to immediate time critical…???… In most cases this will present the most challenging and hazardous work conditions and will be carried out by specialist FRU SRTs or…???…However, depending on the conditions…???…can be utilised in still or slow moving water affecting large numbers of vulnerable people over a wide area.

A

life-saving rescues.

helicopter.

firefighters

166
Q

(Phases of flood)

Phase 2 - This includes the rescue/recovery from…???…This phase will generally be…???…as there may be a need to operate over a wide area. Prevailing weather conditions and other factors may mean people already moved to a place of temporary safety may need to be removed to a more secure location within a relatively short timeframe. This will normally involve firefighters working…???…

A

places of temporary safety (inundated structures/vehicles/trees).

resource intensive

under the guidance of FRU SRTs

167
Q

Phase 3 - This involves the…???…(Urban Search and Rescue (USAR). Again, this will involve firefighters and specialist crews working…???…

A

final search of flooded structures/ vehicles, body recovery and stabilisation of dangerous structures

under the guidance of FRU SRTs.

168
Q

The response to any flood will be most effective with proper…???…

A

planning, preparation and forecasting.

169
Q

(Phases of flood)

Establishing areas of operations and control at an incident:
• …???…flooding may affect a large geographical area.
• Brigade Control will often initiate…???…and…???…arrangements in these circumstances.

A

Pluvial or fluvial

batch mobilising

restricted attendance

170
Q

If a wide spread flood occurs, where it would be inappropriate to operate within the constraints of the National Incident Command Structure (NICS), the IC will establish areas of operation defined by suitable geographic boundaries such as…???…
• Each area of operation will be allocated a call sign and a…???…to control activities undertaken within that area. Commanders may designate…???…within their area of operation.

A

grid squares, major roads or other readily identifiable boundaries.

separate command team

functional sectors

171
Q

(Phases of flood)

The Incident Command Team must identify a suitable RVP for oncoming flood assets taking into account the…???…and the potential for…???…

A

area required for specialist vehicles

floodwater to spread or conditions to otherwise deteriorate.

172
Q

A reliable communications network is essential for safe operation at incidents and fundamental for securing the level of command required to manage operational resources efficiently.
Incident/sector commanders must maintain either…???…or…???…with operators at all times during flood operations.

A

line of sight or radio communications

173
Q

A reliable communications network is essential for safe operation at incidents and fundamental for securing the level of command required to manage operational resources efficiently.
Incident/sector commanders must maintain either…???…with operators at all times during flood operations.

A

line of sight or radio communications

174
Q

The role of firefighters (first responders) at flood related incidents can include:

A

• Rescues of members of the public from various premises or places of temporary safety.
• Search operations.
• Assessment of resource requirements.
• Other roles designated by the IC.

175
Q

(Floods- standard operating procedures) Firefighters should wear the PPE provided as part of the…???…and work in teams of a minimum of…???…(including at least one…???…) with a designated…???…acting as safety officer.

A

Flood Response Kit

four

LFF, SUB O, or STN O

FRU SRT

176
Q

(Floods - standard operating procedures)

First responders will be clearly identifiable by their…???…

A

yellow water safety helmet.

177
Q

The role of the FRU SRT safety officer is to:
• Support and advise the…???…of the crew they are working with.
• Identify and monitor…???…
• Ensure the appropriate levels of…???…are regularly reviewed.
• Recognise and stop unsafe…???…
• Monitor for…???…situations.
• Observe personnel…???…protection.
• Oversee…???…of crews.
• Provide regular…???…to a nominated officer - this could be the sector commander or safety officer for the sector, the operations commander or the IC.

A

LFF or SubO/StnO

hazards

PPE

practices

lone working

hygiene and barrier

welfare

situation reports

178
Q

(Floods - standard operating procedures) Incident/sector commanders should consider the need for regular…???…and other welfare issues, taking into account…???…

A

crew rotation

work rate and conditions.

179
Q

The maximum wading depth for firefighters wearing L3 PPE is…???…in practice, this is at knee height for most firefighters.

A

60cms (2 feet)

180
Q

lf operations are necessary in deeper water, then these must be carried out by…???…

A

boat or FRU SRTs.

181
Q

Movement through flood water should be deliberate. The weight should be kept on the back foot with the front foot/wading pole…???…

A

checking the ground ahead for obstacles such as displaced drain covers or other hazards.

182
Q

(Wading)

The following guidelines should apply:
• Use…???… to assess ground conditions and obstacles.
• Use…???…to help establish depth of water.
• Continually assess the…???…to identify speed of water, eddies associated with water entering drains, etc.

A

wading poles

landmarks

surface movement of the water

183
Q

Wading poles must be used to identify holes or other underwater hazards. These may be used by…???…or by the…???…when wading through water.

A

individual crew members

lead person

184
Q

All open water supplies should be treated as potentially…???…Therefore, personal hygiene is important where crews have been in contact with open water or…???…

A

contaminated.

mud.

185
Q

Following an open water event PPE should be decontaminated in accordance with Policy number…???…

A

707 (The control of infection and infectious diseases policy).

186
Q

(Floods - standard operating procedures)

All items of workwear uniform, worn under contaminated firegear will require…???…and should be treated under the guidance for…???…, as detailed in Policy number 533 - Uniform and personal protective equipment excluding structural firefighting PPE.

A

specialist cleaning

contaminated laundry

187
Q

Any equipment used in open water should be cleaned and tested on return to the station, keeping to the appropriate standard tests and the…???

A

infection control manual.

188
Q

As stated in the foundation document Hazardous Materials health hazards - Notification of contamination or possible contamination by materials that may be hazardous to health, will apply to all personnel who…???

A

suffer cuts, scratches or abrasions of the skin, however trivial or insignificant.

189
Q

As stated in the foundation document Hazardous Materials health hazards - Notification of contamination or possible contamination by materials that may be hazardous to health, will apply to all personnel who…???

A

suffer cuts, scratches or abrasions of the skin, however trivial or insignificant.

190
Q

During flood operations there may be a requirement for FRU emergency rescue boats (ERBs) to work alongside FRBs to aide in…???

A

mass casualty evacuation.

191
Q

The FRB is rated to carry up to…???…adults and it can be pulled or towed by line, …???… or…???

A

Eight

Paddled

Powered

192
Q

For the majority of evacuation (or rescue) operations, firefighters wearing appropriate PPE will pull FRB’s. In circumstances where a power unit is required to assist with a rescue or to improve firefighter safety, coxswains must operate at a speed…???…but…???

A

sufficient to make steady progress

not so fast as to create a wash that would have an adverse effect on operations and property.

193
Q

A minimum of…???… FRU powerboat handlers are required to use each FRB under power

A

Two

194
Q

During major flooding events it is likely that crews may have to operate with or near helicopters
Firefighters are not trained in such operations and must therefore act under the guidance of…???… at all times.

A

the helicopter crew

195
Q

A vehicle in water is likely to become buoyant when the water level reaches above the…???… and therefore can suddenly move in an uncontrolled fashion.

A

door-sill

196
Q

The IC must make contact with the occupants of the vehicle as soon as possible to reassure them and brief them on the plan. This should include….???(3)… as well as other incident specific actions.

A

safety precautions, communications methods, operation of windows

197
Q

Rescues from vehicles in water pose some specific risks and hazards to casualties and rescuers.
These additional risks include…???(5)…

A

(a) Uncontrolled movement of the vehicle impacting or trapping casualty or rescuer.
(b) Hazardous fluids leaking from vehicle.
(c) Sharps and snagging hazards on vehicle.
(d) Upstream and downstream siphon and entrapment hazards.
(e) Unpredicted failure of ropes and lines under tension.

198
Q

Unless an incident is so critical that to await further resources is likely to result in the loss of human life…???…backup strategies must be in place before a rescue from a vehicle (in water) is initiated.

A

upstream and downstream

199
Q

Before attempting a rescue from a vehicle in the water the vehicle must, wherever practicable, be stabilised using. In the event of using a …???…for stabilisation every effort must be made protect it from…???…

A

strops or lines

line

200
Q

The normal orientation of a vehicle in flowing water will be with the engine block facing…???… If this is not the case, then rescuers must be aware that as the water rises that the vehicle will want to….???…

A

upstream

rotate to orientate itself at this angle

201
Q

Stabilisation of the vehicle must be carried out from the low risk zone. This is normally from eithe side of the vehicle so as not to place a rescuer directly upstream or downstream of the vehicle.
16.67 Rescuers must avoid positioning themselves directly downstream of a vehicle and should avoid operating directly upstream of a vehicle wherever possible.
16.68 When attaching a strop or line to the vehicle the rescuers must ensure that wherever practicable they maintain access to the vehicle from low-risk areas. This will generally be from the doors on either side of the vehicle.
16.69 Stabilisation of the vehicle should be to a strong point on the vehicle in line with stabilisation of vehicles involved in an RTC.
16.70 When removing people from the vehicle the IC plan must consider the change in weight acting on the vehicle and therefore the stabilisation of the vehicle.

A

SC Bibliography (6 decks)

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