PMVPH

Question 1

With two sets of continous data, which statistical tests would you use

Answer 1

• If data is normally distributed = Pearsons
• If data is not normally distrubuted = Spearmans

Question 2

With two categorical test which statistical test would you use

Answer 2

Chi squared or a Mcnemars test if data is paired

Question 3

What statistical test would be carried out if you have continous and categorical data?

Answer 3

With 2 groups you would use a students t test. When theres more than two groups a ANOVA test should be carried out

Question 4

How is warfarin used in pest control and what are some of the issues associated with using it? What are the alternatives?

Answer 4

Warfarin inhibits vitiamin K dependant clotting factors, thus is a anti-coaglant. Pest dies of haemorrhage within 7 days of ingestion. Rodents began to develop restance, causing the emergence of 2nd gen anti-coagulants.

Issues:

• Can kill wrong species (voles)
• Secondary posisining (carnivores)
• Environmental contamination
• Bait shyness

Alternatively traps can be used. If animal enters trap in wrong orientation can cause suffering for a prolonged period

Question 5

Give examples of welfare issues which are unavoidable and some which are hazards that can be managed

Answer 5

Unavoidable

• Stress from calf removal
• Stress associated with introducing heifers into the main herd
• Leg disorders in broilers
• Sheering stress in sheep
• Tail docking in lambs

Avoidable

• Lameness
• Production disorders
• Mastitis
• Heat stress
• Pneumonia in pigs
• Dehydration of runt broilers (Chicks flipped onto back often can’t regain posture and can starve

Question 6

What are leg disorders in broilers

Answer 6

• Leg rotation / Tibial rotation
• Varus deformity (bow legged)
• Tibial dyschondroplasia - Tibial cartilage fails to mature and ossify
• Staphylococcus aureus arthritis - Infectious arthritis. Can cause splinting iof bones when deboning
• Femoral head cartilage detachment
• Spondulolisthesis - Kinked back, unable to maintain posture. Spinal cord damages

Question 7

Describe how you would gait score poultry

Answer 7

Gait score 0 - Normal gait

Gait score 1 - Uneven gait, e.g Larger gait

Gait score 2 - Identifiable gait abnormality, but move freely

Gait score 3 - Prefers to sit when idle, gait is abnormal. has a limp, Begins to be painful

Gait score 4 - Sever gait abnormality, difficulty moving

Gait score 5 - Incapable of sustained walking

Question 8

What stain can be used to show oxidative capacity of muscle

Answer 8

Succinate dehydrogenase

Question 9

What 3 events make muscle adapt

Answer 9

1. Growth - Animal gets heavier => increase in muscle mass. Also gets taller => increased sacromers as muscle lengthens
2. Excercise - Increased loading => hypertrophy. Induces hypertrophy x2 in type II fibres in comparison to type I
3. Ageing - Decrease in the amount of satellite cells. Reduced capacity to proliferate. Increased fibrous connective tissue and decreased blood supply

Question 10

Where are sacromeres added

Answer 10

Myotendinous junction.

Always adds slow sacromers

Question 11

What changes to muscle occur during immobilisation

Answer 11

• Detraining occurs x2 rate of training
• Antigravity muscle more at risk
• Fibre returns to type II post imobilisation
• atrophy