pmt topic 1- biological molecules Flashcards
what is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
a molecule that acts as the energy currency of cells formed form a molecule of ribose, a molecule of adenine and three phosphate groups
what is an amino acid?
the monomers containing an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl (COOH) and a variable R group that make up protiens
what is a benedicts test?
a biochemical test used to test for reducing sugars that produces a different colour based on the amount of reducing sugar present
whats the biuret test?
a biochemical test that produces a purple solution in the presence of protein
whats cellulose?
a polysaccharide made of beta glucose monomers that is used as a structural
polysaccharide which provides strength to plant cell walls.
whats a condensation reaction?
a type of reaction that joins two molecules together with the formation of a chemical bond involving the elimination of a molecule of water.
whats deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)?
an information storing molecule made up of
deoxyribonucleotide monomers joined by phosphodiester bonds to form a double helix.
whats a dipeptide?
molecules formed by the condensation of two amino acids.
whats a disaccharide?
molecules formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides
whats a DNA helicase?
an enzyme that breaks the hydrogen bonds between the two DNA strands in
the DNA molecule that is going to be replicated.
whats a DNA polymerase?
an enzyme that catalyses the condensation reactions between the new nucleotides in the synthesis of the new DNA strand.
what is an enzyme?
a protein molecule that acts as a biological catalyst and increases the rate of
biochemical reactions.
whats is gylcogen?
A highly branched polysaccharide made of alpha glucose monomers that is used as the main storage of energy in humans and animals.
whats a glycosidic bond?
A bond between two monosaccharides formed in a condensation reaction
whats heat capacity?
The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of a substance by a specific amount
whats hydrolysis?
breaking a chemical bond between two molecules involving the use of a water
molecule.
whats an induced-fit model?
A model of enzyme action that describes how enzymes undergo subtle conformational changes to better fit the substrate.
whats an iodine test?
A biochemical test used to test for the presence of starch.
whats lactose?
A disaccharide formed by condensation of a glucose molecule and a galactose
molecule.
whats latent heat?
The amount of energy needed for a substance to change state.
whats a lipid emulsion test?
a biochemical test that produces a cloudy emulsion when performed
on lipids.
whats maltose?
A disaccharide formed by condensation of two glucose molecules.
whats a metabolite?
a molecule formed or used in metabolic reactions
what are monomers?
the smaller units from which larger molecules are made
whats a monosaccaride?
The individual sugar monomers from which larger carbohydrates are
made.
whats a phospholipid?
A type of lipid formed by the condensation of one molecule of glycerol, two molecules of fatty acid and a phosphate group.
whats a polymer?
molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together.
whats a polypeptide?
molecules formed by the condensation reaction of many amino acids
whats a polysaccharide?
molecules formed by the condensation of many amino acids
whats primary structure?
The individual sequence of amino acids in a protein.
whats quaternary structure?
a structure only applicable to proteins with multiple polypeptide chains that describes the interactions of the different chains.
whats ribonucleic acid (RNA)?
A relatively short molecule made up of ribonucleotide monomers joined by phosphodiester bonds
whats secondary structure?
The local interactions of the amino acids in the polypeptide chain.
whats semi conservative replication?
the production of two daughter DNA molecules from one DNA molecule which both contain one original DNA strand and one newly synthesised strand.
whats a solvent?
a substance which others solutes are dissolved in
whats starch?
a substance which other solutes are dissolved in
whats sucrose?
a disaccharide formed by condensation of a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule
whats tertiary structure?
The way that the whole protein folds to make a three dimensional structure.
whats a triglyceride?
a type of lipid formed by the condensation of one molecule of glycerol and, three molecules of fatty acid.
whats a carbohydrate?
a molecule only consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen they are a chain of sugar units called saccarides
what a single saccaride called?
monosaccaride
whats two saccarides called?
disaccharide
