biological molecules Flashcards
whats a sugar also known as?
monosaccharide
what do monosaccharides contain and in what ratio?
C, H, O 1:2:1
whats the empirical formula of a monosaccharide?
(CH2O)n
what group do all sugars contain?
carbonyl group (C=O) consisting of a carbon linked to an oxygen by a double bond
what do carbonyl groups exist as in sugars?
aldehyde or ketone
what do sugars contain at least 2 of?
hydroxl groups (-OH)
describe an aldehyde?
a carbon double bonded to an oxygen and has a single bond to a hydrogen
describe a keytone?
a carbon with two single bonds to other carbon atoms and double bonded to an oxygen atom.
whats a ‘reactive group’?
it allows the molecules in this group to stick to other molecules or even itself if its long enough
whats a sugar that contains 3 carbons called?
triose
whats the formula of a triose?
C3H6O3
whats an isomer?
molecules which have the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms in space.
what type of sugar is glyceraldehyde (it contains an aldehyde group)?
aldose sugar
what type of sugar is dihydroxyacetone(it contains an keytone group)?
ketose sugar
what type of sugar is ribose (5 carbons) and fructose (6 carbons)?
hexose, pentose
what does beta glucose form?
cellulose when its stuck together in a long chain containing numerous glucose subunits to form a polymer
what does alpha glucose form?
starch and glycogen
what reaction do monosaccharide molecules join together in?
condensation reaction
what happens in a condensation reaction?
a molecule of water is removed
what is the bond formed between two glucose molecules called?
glycosidic bond
state the atomic components of a simple sugar
12 carbon 22 hydrogen 10 oxygen
state the formula of the simplest sugar
C6H12O11
write out the name of a glycosidic bond in full for the production of maltose.
a-(1,4’)
state the name of the type of sugar produced when two monosaccharides are bonded together.
disaccharide
which monomer makes starch and glycogen?
alpha glucose
which monomer makes cellulose?
beta glucose
what types of glycosidic bonds are present in starch?
in amylase (unbranched starch) 1,4- glycosidic bonds
in amylopectin (branched starch) 1,6- glycosidic bond
what types of glycosidic bonds are present in glycogen?
both 1,4 and 1,6- glycosidic bonds
what types of glycosidic bonds are present in cellulose?
1,4- glycosidic bonds
whats the shape of starch?
linear chain or helical shape
whats the shape of glycogen?
spherical shape
whats the shape of celluse?
linear, ribbon-shaped
whats the function of starch and what type of organism it is found in?
stores energy in plants
whats the function of glycogen and what type of organism it is found in?
helps regulate blood glucose in bacteria and fungi including yeasts
whats the function of cellulose and what type of organism it is found in?
helps plants and algae to remain stiff and upright
what are the properties of starch?
-its insoluble so will not affect cell water potential
-it is compact so a lot of energy can be stored in a small space
-when it is hydrolysed the released alpha glucose can be transported easily.
what are the properties of glycogen?
has a large number of side branches meaning that energy can be
released quickly enzymes can act simultaneously on these branches.
what are the properties of cellulose?
-the most abundant carbohydrate present in nature.
-It is insoluble in water.
-Cellulose is a crystalline solid having a white powdery appearance
-has high tensile strength due to firm hydrogen bonds between the individual chains in cellulose microfibrils.
