biological molecules

Question 1

whats a sugar also known as?

Answer 1

monosaccharide

Question 2

what do monosaccharides contain and in what ratio?

Answer 2

C, H, O 1:2:1

Question 3

whats the empirical formula of a monosaccharide?

Answer 3

(CH2O)n

Question 4

what group do all sugars contain?

Answer 4

carbonyl group (C=O) consisting of a carbon linked to an oxygen by a double bond

Question 5

what do carbonyl groups exist as in sugars?

Answer 5

aldehyde or ketone

Question 6

what do sugars contain at least 2 of?

Answer 6

hydroxl groups (-OH)

Question 7

describe an aldehyde?

Answer 7

a carbon double bonded to an oxygen and has a single bond to a hydrogen

Question 8

describe a keytone?

Answer 8

a carbon with two single bonds to other carbon atoms and double bonded to an oxygen atom.

Question 9

whats a ‘reactive group’?

Answer 9

it allows the molecules in this group to stick to other molecules or even itself if its long enough

Question 10

whats a sugar that contains 3 carbons called?

Answer 10

triose

Question 11

whats the formula of a triose?

Answer 11

C3H6O3

Question 12

whats an isomer?

Answer 12

molecules which have the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms in space.

Question 13

what type of sugar is glyceraldehyde (it contains an aldehyde group)?

Answer 13

aldose sugar

Question 14

what type of sugar is dihydroxyacetone(it contains an keytone group)?

Answer 14

ketose sugar

Question 15

what type of sugar is ribose (5 carbons) and fructose (6 carbons)?

Answer 15

hexose, pentose

Question 16

what does beta glucose form?

Answer 16

cellulose when its stuck together in a long chain containing numerous glucose subunits to form a polymer

Question 17

what does alpha glucose form?

Answer 17

starch and glycogen

Question 18

what reaction do monosaccharide molecules join together in?

Answer 18

condensation reaction

Question 19

what happens in a condensation reaction?

Answer 19

a molecule of water is removed

Question 20

what is the bond formed between two glucose molecules called?

Answer 20

glycosidic bond

Question 21

state the atomic components of a simple sugar

Answer 21

12 carbon 22 hydrogen 10 oxygen

Question 22

state the formula of the simplest sugar

Answer 22

C6H12O11

Question 23

write out the name of a glycosidic bond in full for the production of maltose.

Answer 23

a-(1,4’)

Question 24

state the name of the type of sugar produced when two monosaccharides are bonded together.

Answer 24

disaccharide

Question 25

which monomer makes starch and glycogen?

Answer 25

alpha glucose

Question 26

which monomer makes cellulose?

Answer 26

beta glucose

Question 27

what types of glycosidic bonds are present in starch?

Answer 27

in amylase (unbranched starch) 1,4- glycosidic bonds
in amylopectin (branched starch) 1,6- glycosidic bond

Question 28

what types of glycosidic bonds are present in glycogen?

Answer 28

both 1,4 and 1,6- glycosidic bonds

Question 29

what types of glycosidic bonds are present in cellulose?

Answer 29

1,4- glycosidic bonds

Question 30

whats the shape of starch?

Answer 30

linear chain or helical shape

Question 31

whats the shape of glycogen?

Answer 31

spherical shape

Question 32

whats the shape of celluse?

Answer 32

linear, ribbon-shaped

Question 33

whats the function of starch and what type of organism it is found in?

Answer 33

stores energy in plants

Question 34

whats the function of glycogen and what type of organism it is found in?

Answer 34

helps regulate blood glucose in bacteria and fungi including yeasts

Question 35

whats the function of cellulose and what type of organism it is found in?

Answer 35

helps plants and algae to remain stiff and upright

Question 36

what are the properties of starch?

Answer 36

-its insoluble so will not affect cell water potential
-it is compact so a lot of energy can be stored in a small space
-when it is hydrolysed the released alpha glucose can be transported easily.

Question 37

what are the properties of glycogen?

Answer 37

has a large number of side branches meaning that energy can be
released quickly enzymes can act simultaneously on these branches.

Question 38

what are the properties of cellulose?

Answer 38

-the most abundant carbohydrate present in nature.
-It is insoluble in water.
-Cellulose is a crystalline solid having a white powdery appearance
-has high tensile strength due to firm hydrogen bonds between the individual chains in cellulose microfibrils.