PMSTHE - Midterms 1

Question 1

What is the Locus of Control in health education?

Answer 1

An individual’s beliefs or perceptions related to their abilities to influence their personal health and health outcomes

It includes internal (personal choices) and external (fate, luck) perceptions.

Question 2

What are the two types of Locus of Control?

Answer 2

• Internal: personal choices, behaviors, habits, self-care, positive attitude, hope
• External: fate, luck, chance, powerful others

Internal locus is generally associated with better health outcomes.

Question 3

What are the five stages of the Transtheoretical Model of Change?

Answer 3

• Stage 1: Pre-contemplation
• Stage 2: Contemplation
• Stage 3: Decision
• Stage 4: Action
• Stage 5: Maintenance

This model describes a non-linear process of behavior change.

Question 4

What does the Health Belief Model emphasize?

Answer 4

An individual’s health-related behavior depends on perceptions of susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers

It often involves motivating individuals through fear of illness.

Question 5

What factors affect behavioral change according to Social Learning Theory?

Answer 5

• Environmental influences
• Personal factors
• Attributes of the behavior itself

Self-efficacy is a critical aspect, emphasizing belief in one’s capability.

Question 6

What determines a person’s intention to perform a behavior in the Theory of Reasoned Action?

Answer 6

• The person’s attitude toward the behavior
• The influence of societal norms

These factors shape the likelihood of behavior performance.

Question 7

What are the key components for the diffusion of innovations?

Answer 7

• An innovation
• Knowledge of the innovation
• A person unaware of the innovation

The rate of adoption depends on relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, and observability.

Question 8

What does Pender’s Health Promotion Model focus on?

Answer 8

Recognizing, assessing, modifying, and evaluating factors influencing health behavior

It integrates various influences to promote health and well-being.

Question 9

What is one key concept of Pender’s Health Promotion Model regarding the individual?

Answer 9

A biopsychosocial organism influenced by the environment

This concept underscores the complexity of human health behavior.

Question 10

What are the individual characteristics that influence health-promoting behavior?

Answer 10

• Prior related behavior
• Personal factors (biological, psychological, sociocultural)

These factors can include age, gender, and race.

Question 11

What are the perceived benefits of action in Pender’s model?

Answer 11

Perceptions of positive results from engaging in health-promoting behavior

These perceptions can motivate individuals to adopt healthier behaviors.

Question 12

What is self-efficacy?

Answer 12

The belief in one’s ability to succeed in achieving an outcome or reaching a goal

It significantly influences motivation and behavior.

Question 13

What are the five influences on self-efficacy?

Answer 13

• Performance experience
• Vicarious experience
• Social persuasion
• Imaginal experience
• Physical and emotional states

These influences shape an individual’s confidence in their abilities.

Question 14

How does self-efficacy affect student behavior?

Answer 14

• Better self-regulation
• More resilience
• Stronger academic performance
• More motivation
• Higher academic goals

High self-efficacy can lead to greater success in school and beyond.

Question 15

What is a strategy to help students develop self-efficacy?

Answer 15

Introduce the simplest version of a behavior to allow success before gradually increasing difficulty

This builds confidence and reinforces positive outcomes.

Question 16

Fill in the blank: Self-efficacy can compel students to enact their agency in pursuit of a goal because they believe it will be _______.

Answer 16

[worth it in the end]

Question 17

True or False: A person’s level of self-efficacy is the same across all tasks and subjects.

Answer 17

False

Self-efficacy can vary significantly by context and subject area.

Question 18

What is the strategy for Building Evidence of Success?

Answer 18

Plan for moderately challenging tasks that gradually increase in difficulty and reflect progress

This strategy helps students build a record of mastery performance.

Question 19

What does a student-friendly learning progression represent?

Answer 19

Expectations at different stages of achievement

It serves as a roadmap towards mastery of a skill or task.

Question 20

What is a key tip for success when creating a learning progression?

Answer 20

Ensure that each level or skill is broken down into manageable pieces

This helps students track their progress effectively.

Question 21

What is the main idea behind the strategy ‘If she can do it, I can, too!’?

Answer 21

Use peer models to enhance self-efficacy

Observing peers who have mastered challenges can boost students’ confidence.

Question 22

What prompts can be used to guide peer modeling in math?

Answer 22

• Tell me what you know about _____
• How might you break this problem into smaller steps?
• What strategies did you use to get from ___ to _____?

These prompts facilitate discussion and understanding.

Question 23

What is the sequence to follow when providing feedback to students?

Answer 23

1) State why the student succeeded or failed
2) Explain to what degree the student was successful
3) Use words related to achievement or encouragement

This structure helps students connect success with their efforts and strategies.

Question 24

What is the purpose of guiding students through imagination in learning?

Answer 24

To help them feel more confident about approaching a goal

Visualizing success can translate into real-life confidence.

Question 25

Fill in the blank: A student’s imagination is a powerful and easily harnessed tool in helping him feel more ______ about approaching a goal.

Answer 25

[confident]

Question 26

What mindfulness strategy can help students manage their physical and emotional states?

Answer 26

Practice a body scan by paying attention to various parts of their bodies

This technique promotes relaxation and self-awareness.

Question 27

What mindset should students adopt when feeling stressed about challenges?

Answer 27

Interpret stress as excitement instead of distress

This shift can enhance their confidence in facing challenges.

Question 28

What are some benefits of viewing stress positively?

Answer 28

• To help improve skills
• To help learn and grow
• To help stay motivated

These benefits can enhance self-efficacy.

Question 29

What is a suggested closing activity for planning implementation of strategies?

Answer 29

Individual reflections and/or small group discussions

This helps educators commit to trying new strategies and anticipate challenges.

Question 30

True or False: Negative comments are more effective in raising self-efficacy than positive comments.

Answer 30

False

Negative comments lower self-efficacy more than positive comments raise it.

Question 31

What is the importance of feedback that attributes success to specific strategies?

Answer 31

It helps students make connections between success, effort, and the correct use of strategies

This understanding can enhance their self-efficacy.