PMLS2_LEC1 Flashcards
Defined as the incision into a vein
Is one of the oldest medical procedures
dating back to the early Egyptians.
Phlebotomy
The practice of _____ was used to cure disease and maintain the body in a state of well-being.
bloodletting
He believed that disease was caused by an excess of body fluids, including ____, ____, and _____.
○ Removal of the excess would cause the body to return to or maintain a healthy state.
○ To treat a disease, excess blood must be
removed in the body.
Hippocrates; blood, bile, phlegm
Techniques for bloodletting used to include:
○ Suction cup
○ Application of leeches
○ Barber surgery
(1) devices with lancets that pulled blood from an incision
(2) Application of bloodsucking worms called_____
(3) blood from an incision produced by a barber’s razor was collected in a bleeding bowl.
(1) Suction cup
(2) leeches
(3) Barber surgery
symbolism of red and white striped barber pole
red blood, the white bandages, and the pole that the patients held onto during the procedure.
What timeline?
○ Authorities believed that phlebotomy dates
back to this point in time
○ Crude tools were used to puncture vessels and allow excess blood to drain out from the body
Last period of the stone age
What timeline?
○ Barber surgeons flourished.
○ Came to a point wherein a guild of barber surgeons divided the surgeons into 2.
Early in the Middle Ages
the ones tasked to do blood-letting, wound
surgery, cupping, leeching, shaving, tooth extraction and enema
administration.
Short-robed surgeons (to distinguish themselves, they placed a stripped pole, from which a bleeding bowl was suspended.)
2 types of barber surgeons:
■ Long-robed surgeons
■ Short-robed surgeons
What timeline?
○ The treatments were discredited when doctors finally admitted that depleting the body’s blood supply can be risky and doesn’t have many valuable health benefits.
○ It puts a patient at risk of having a cardiac arrest, losing too much blood, and can cause
dangerously low blood pressure in addition
to the possibility of infections and anemia.
Towards the end of the 19th century (During the same period, phlebotomy was also accomplished
by cupping and leeching.)
○ The art of _____ required a great deal of
practice to maintain a high degree of dexterity necessary to avoid appearing clumsy, and thus frightening the patient away.
○ involves the application of heated suction apparatus, called the cup, to the skin to draw the blood to the surface.
○ The capillaries in that area were severed by making a series of parallel incisions with a
lancet or fleam.
Cupping
Nowadays, the application of leeches in bloodletting is called____
therapeutic phlebotomy
_____comes from the latin words:
○ “vena” = _____
○ “sectio” = _____
means “an incision to the vein”
venesection; vein, cutting
Venesection is another word for ______, which
comes from the Greek words:
○ “phlebos” = ____
○ “tome” = ____
phlebotomy; vein, incision
● Bloodletting is now called _______, and it is used as a treatment for only a small number of blood disorders.
● It is performed using aseptic techniques and
equipment designed to minimize patient discomfort.
Therapeutic Phlebotomy
○ a disorder involving the overproduction of
red blood cells.
○ Opposite of anemia
Polycythemia vera
Phlebotomy is accomplished by one of two procedures:
- VENIPUNCTURE
- CAPILLARY PUNCTURE
● Involves collecting blood by penetrating a
vein with a needle and syringe or other collection apparatus
Venipuncture
● Involves collecting blood after puncturing the skin with a lancet.
Capillary puncture
Because of the increased number and complexity of laboratory tests, phlebotomy has become a specialized area of clinical laboratory practice, accompanied by the creation of a job
title:______
phlebotomist
The ______ are the faces of the laboratory.
phlebotomists
Trained to obtain blood specimens primarily by
venipuncture and capillary puncture.
Applied to any individual
who has been trained in the various techniques used to obtain blood for laboratory testing or blood donations.
Phlebotomist
Major traditional duties and responsibilities of a
phlebotomist include:
● Correct identification and preparation of the
patient before sample.
● Collection of the appropriate amount of blood by venipuncture or dermal puncture for the specified tests.
● Selection of the appropriate sample container for the specified tests.
● Correct labeling of all samples with the required information.
● Appropriate transportation of samples back to the
laboratory in a timely manner.
● Effective interaction with patients and hospital
personnel
● Processing of samples for delivery to the
appropriate laboratory departments.
● Performance of computer operations and record-keeping pertaining to phlebotomy.
● Observation of all safety regulations, quality control checks, and preventive maintenance procedures.
● Attendance at continuing education programs.
● Performing and monitoring point-of-care testing.
What characteristic?
○ Report to work whenever scheduled and on time.
○ Be willing to demonstrate your commitment to your job and your cooperation to assist fellow employees.
○ A committed phlebotomist attends staff meetings, reads pertinent memoranda, and observes the notices placed on bulletin boards or in newsletters.
DEPENDABLE, COOPERATIVE, COMMITTED
○ A smile and a cheerful tone of voice can put
a patient more at ease.
○ Courteous phlebotomists introduce
themselves to the patients before they
approach them
COMPASSIONATE, COURTEOUS, RESPECTFUL
○ A misidentified patient or mislabelled sample
can be critical to patient safety.
○ Patient confidentiality must be protected. Do
not discuss it with anyone who does not
have the professional need to know it.
○ Phlebotomists must demonstrate competence in the procedures they are
trained to perform.
INTEGRITY, HONESTY, COMPETENCE
○ Always maintain an organized and well-stocked collection tray or station.
○ When organizing requisitions, check to be
sure that you have all of the patient’s requisitions. Missing a requisition can result
in a patient receiving an additional puncture.
ORGANIZED, RESPONSIBLE, FLEXIBLE
THE COMPONENTS OF COMMUNICATION:
● VERBAL SKILLS
● LISTENING SKILLS
● NON-VERBAL SKILLS / BODY LANGUAGE
● TELEPHONE SKILLS
There is a standardized education curriculum with a recognized body of knowledge, skills, and standards of practice for the phlebotomy profession that was developed by the ______
National Accrediting Agency for Clinical Laboratory Sciences (NAACLS)
● A voluntary process by which an agency grants
recognition to an individual who has met certain prerequisites in a particular technical area.
● Indicates the completion of defined academic and training requirements and the attainment of a
satisfactory score on an examination.
CERTIFICATION
Certification examinations are offered by organizations, such as the American Medical Technologists (AMT), American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP), American Society for Phlebotomy Technicians (ASPT), National Phlebotomy Association (NPA), and the National Healthcareer Association (NHA)
study hospital departments and patient areas pg. 6
○ Deals directly with patient care.
○ It consists of the:
■ Cardiac Care Unit (CCU)
■ Central Supply
■ Emergency Department (ED)
■ Hospital Patient Care Units (PCU)
■ Infection Control
■ Intensive Care Unit (ICU)
■ Nursery
■ Social Services (SS)
■ Operating Room (OR)
○ Healthcare team members associated with this service are:
■ Registered Nurse (RN)
■ Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN)
■ Certified Nursing Assistant (CNA)
■ Unit Secretary
NURSING SERVICES
● Maintain the hospital.
● This service includes:
○ Communication Systems
○ Food Service / Dietary
○ Housekeeping/ Environmental
Services
○ Laundry
○ Engineering
○ Maintenance
○ Security
SUPPORT SERVICES
● These manage the business aspect of a
hospital.
● Included in this service are:
○ Accounting
○ Admitting
○ Business Office (BO)
○ Credit & Collection
○ Data Processing
○ Health Information Management (HIM)
○ Planning
○ Public Relations Departments (PRD) that include marketing and
outreach programs.
FISCAL SERVICES
● Consists of departments of the hospital that assist the physician with the diagnosis and
treatment of disease.
● This main departments in this service are:
○ Clinical Laboratory
○ Radiology (or Medical Imaging)
○ Radiation Therapy
○ Nuclear Medicine
○ Occupational Therapy
○ Pharmacy
○ Physical Therapy
○ Respiratory Therapy
○ Cardiovascular Testing
PROFESSIONAL SERVICES
○ Uses various forms of radiant energy to
diagnose and treat disease.
○ Some of the techniques include:
■ X-rays of teeth and bones
■ Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) or CT Scan
■ Contrast Studies using barium sulfate
■ Ultrasound
■ Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
■ Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan
The allied healthcare professional in this department.
RADIOLOGY and DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; Radiographer
A physician who administers diagnostic procedures and interprets radiographs
Radiologist
○ Uses high energy X-rays or ionizing radiation
to stop the growth of cancer cells.
○ _____ perform
these procedures
RADIATION THERAPY; Radiation Therapy Technologists
○ Uses the characteristics of radioactive substances in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.
____perform
these procedures under the supervision of a
physician.
NUCLEAR MEDICINE; Nuclear Medicine Technologists
are radioactive materials
that emit rays as they disintegrate and the
rays are measured on specialized instruments.
Radioisotopes
○ Teaches techniques that enable patients with
physical, mental, or emotional disabilities to
function within their limitations in daily living.
____
provide this instruction.
OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY; Occupational Therapists and Technicians
○ Provides treatment to patients who have been disabled as a result of illness or injury by using procedure involving:
■ Water
■ Heat
■ Massage
■ Ultrasound
■ Exercise
_____ are the professionals trained to
provide this therapy
PHYSICAL THERAPY; Physical Therapists and Physical Therapy
Assistants
○ Provide treatment in breathing disorders and
perform testing to evaluate lung function.
○ They may also perform the arterial punctures
used to evaluate Arterial Blood Gas (ABG).
RESPIRATORY THERAPY
○ Provides data to the healthcare team to aid
in determining the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of a patient.
CLINICAL LABORATORY
The Clinical Laboratory is divided into 2 areas according to function:
● ANATOMICAL AND SURGICAL PATHOLOGY
● CLINICAL ANALYSIS AREA
○ Responsible for the analysis of surgical
specimens, frozen sections, biopsies,
cytological specimens, and autopsies.
ANATOMICAL AND SURGICAL PATHOLOGY
○ Clinical Section
■ Blood
■ Bone Marrow
■ Microbiology Samples
■ Urine and other body fluids
CLINICAL ANALYSIS AREA
○ Process and examine tissue and body fluids
for the presence of abnormal cells
(e.g. cancer cells)
○ Papanicolaou smear (Pap smear) is one of
the most common tests performed in
cytology.
CYTOLOGY; Cytologist
○ Process and stain tissue obtained from
biopsies, surgery, autopsies, and frozen
sections.
HISTOLOGY; Histology Technician and Technologist
○ Chromosome studies are performed to detect genetic disorders.
○ Blood, amniotic fluid, tissue, and bone marrow specimens are analyzed.
CYTOGENETICS
Sections under ANATOMICAL AND SURGICAL PATHOLOGY
● CYTOLOGY
● HISTOLOGY
● CYTOGENETICS
Sections under CLINICAL ANALYSIS AREA
● HEMATOLOGY
● COAGULATION
● CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
● CLINICAL MICROSCOPY
● MICROBIOLOGY
●IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY
●IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY
○ This department performs lab tests that
identify diseases associated with blood and the blood-forming tissues.
○ Complete Blood Count (CBC) is the most
commonly ordered hematology test.
HEMATOLOGY
○ The study of the ability of blood to form and
dissolve clots.
COAGULATION
The two most common coagulation tests are:
■ Prothrombin Time (PT)
■ Activated Partial Thromboplastin
Time (APTT)
○ Performs most of the laboratory tests.
○ This department may have subsections such
as:
■ Toxicology
■ Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM)
■ Molecular Diagnostics (Mol Dx)
○ The two most common specimens are serum and plasma.
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
○ Often housed in the hematology or chemistry
area.
○ Urine specimens may be analyzed manually
or using automated specimens.
CLINICAL MICROSCOPY
○ Analyzes body fluids and tissues for the
presence of microorganisms, primarily by means of culture and sensitivity testing (C&S Testing).
MICROBIOLOGY
○ Prepares blood products to be used for
patient transfusions.
○ Blood components dispensed include:
■ Whole blood
■ Platelets
■ Packed Red Blood Cells (PRBC)
■ Fresh frozen plasma
■ Cryoprecipitate
IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY
○ Deals with the body’s response to the presence of bacterial, fungal, viral, or parasitic diseases stimulating an
antigen-antibody reaction that can easily be demonstrated in the laboratory.
IMMUNOSEROLOGY
○ Usually a pathologist
○ A physician who has completed a 4-5 year
pathology residency.
LABORATORY DIRECTOR (PATHOLOGIST)
○ Overall technical and administrative
management of the laboratory, including
personnel and budgets.
○ Usually a medical laboratory scientist (MLS) with a master’s degree and 5 or more years of laboratory experience.
LABORATORY MANAGER (ADMINISTRATOR)
○ A medical laboratory scientist (MLS) with
experience and expertise related to the
particular laboratory section or sections.
TECHNICAL SUPERVISOR
○ Has a bachelor’s degree in Medical Technology or in biological science and 1
year of training in an accredited MT/CLS
program.
■ performs laboratory procedures that
require independent judgment and
responsibility with minimal technical
supervision.
■ Maintains equipment and records.
■ Performs quality assurance and preventive maintenance activities related to test performance.
■ May function as a supervisor, educator, manager, or researcher
within a medical laboratory setting.
MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENTIST (MLS)
○ Has a 2-year associate degree from an accredited college medical laboratory
program.
○ Performs routine laboratory procedures
according to established protocol under the
supervision of a technologist, supervisor, or laboratory director.
MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNICIAN (MLT)
○ Has training in phlebotomy, sample receiving and processing, quality control and preventive maintenance of instruments, and
compute data entry.
○ Perform basic “waived” laboratory testing.
○ “Waived” laboratory testing are tests that
are not high in complexity and can be
performed by anyone (e.g. pregnancy tests).
LABORATORY ASSISTANT
○ Collects blood from patients for laboratory
analysis.
○ Must have a high school diploma and usually completed a structured phlebotomy training program.
PHLEBOTOMIST
