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1 - BDS4 finals - big topics > PMHP > Flashcards

PMHP Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 principles of biomedical ethics

A

autonomy
non-maleficence
justice
beneficence

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2
Q

9 GDC standards for practice

A

put patients interest first
communicate effectively with patients
obtain valid consent
maintain and protect patients information
have a clear and effective complaints procedure
work with colleagues in a way that puts patients interests first
maintain, develop and work within your professional knowledge and skills
raise concerns if patients are at risk
make sure your dental behaviour maintains patients confidence in you and the dental profession

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3
Q

consent must be…

A

valid
patient must have capacity
patient should have enough information to give informed consent
consent must be voluntary, non-coerced and not manipulated

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4
Q

What information should be included when consenting patients to treatment?

A

options for treatment, including risks and potential benefits
reason why particular treatment is necessary and appropriate for patient
consequences, risks and benefits for the treatment you propose
the likely prognosis
the cost of proposed treatment
the outcome of no treatment

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5
Q

principles of the AWI act

A

benefit
minimum necessary intervention
take into consideration past and present wishes of the adult
consultation with adult and relevant others
encourage residual capacity

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6
Q

what situations can a dentist disclose patient records without their consent?

A

colleagues assisting with patient management
information required by police to
information required by a court
disclosure that is justified in the public interest
- where others are at risk of serious harm

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7
Q

dental negligence - define

A

a breach in the duty of care that results in damage

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8
Q

what factors are required to prove negligence?

A

dentist had a duty of care
there was a breach in duty of care
the breach in care caused or contributed to damage
the damage was reasonably foreseeable and had negative consequences

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9
Q

how to handle complaints

A

let patient state their problem
listen to patients concerns
apologise for distress caused
check understanding of problem by summarising
share thoughts and feelings
negotiate solutions with patient
attempt to reach an agreement
- be as specific as possible

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10
Q

what is diversity?

A

the differences between people
- regarding community, culture, beliefs and life experience

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11
Q

what is equality?

A

the fairness of opportunity, observing the rights of people so that differences are not discriminated against

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12
Q

what are the 9 protected characteristics?

A

age
race
sex
sexual orientation
gender reassignment
disability
religion/belief
marriage and civil partnership
pregnancy and maternity

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13
Q

what method should be used when dealing with suspected domestic abuse cases?

A

AVDR
ask
validate
document
refer

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14
Q

dental fear - define

A

normal emotional reaction to something within the dental environment perceived as threatening

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15
Q

what is dental anxiety?

A

sense of apprehension that something bad is going to happen in relation to dental treatment

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16
Q

what is dental phobia

A

clinical disorder characterised by extreme fear in relation to situations or objects related to the dental situation

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17
Q

how can dental anxiety be assessed?

A

dental anxiety scale
modified dental anxiety scale
facial image scale
modified child dental anxiety scale

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18
Q

how to combat mild/moderate anxiety

A

building trust
teaching coping strategies, relaxation, distractions
pharmacological support
- benzodiazepines
give control - rest signals, stop signals, proceed signals

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19
Q

6 features of quality health service

A

safety
effectiveness
person centred
timeliness
equity
efficiency

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20
Q

components of clinical governance

A

education and training
clinical audit
clinical effectiveness
research and development
openness
risk management

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21
Q

oral implications of smoking

A

2-4x more at risk of oral disease
potentially malignant lesions
staining
halitosis
smokers melanosis
black hairy tongue
nicotinic stomatitis
periodontitis

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22
Q

general health implications of smoking

A

increased risk of stroke to heart attack
increased lung cancer/COPD risk

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23
Q

vaping advantages

A

cheaper
no tobacco
flavours available
more accesible

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24
Q

disadvantages of vaping

A

may cause inflammation
non-smokers may use and move onto cigarettes
unknown long term effects

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25
3 As smoking cessation method
ask advise act
26
5As - smoking cessation
ask advise assess assist arrange follow up
27
general medical implications of alcohol abuse
alcohol liver disease hypertension thrombocytopenia
28
oral implications of alcohol abuse
dry mouth oral ulceration gingivitis s dental trauma bruxism erosion
29
weekly alcohol recommendations
14 units spread evenly over 3 days or more at least 2 alcohol free days
30
what are the 7 domains for SIMD
employment income health education geographic access to services crime housing
31
what is the absolute risk difference?
the difference in risk between the groups
32
if there was no benefit in intervention, the absolute risk difference would be....
0
33
what is the number needed to treat?
the number of petits requiring treatment to prevent one patient from developing the disease/outcome
34
how is the number needed to treat calculated
1/absolute risk difference
35
Features of a randomised controlled trial
gold standard specification of participants control group randomisation blinding/masking
36
disadvantages of a randomised controlled trial
difficult to design and conduct risk of bias not suitable for all research questions
37
benefits of systematic reviews
save readers time provides reliable evidence removes inconsistency identifies gaps in research identify when questions have been fully answered explores differences between studies
38
characteristics of a systematic review
well formulated question comprehensive data search unbiased selection process assessment of papers synthesis of data
39
what is critical appraisal
the process of assessing and interpreting evidence through systematic consideration of its validity, relevance and results
40
features of a CASP checklist?
are results of trial valid? what are the results? are the results relevant to your clinical practice?
41
PICO stands for
population intervention comparison outcome
42
5 factors affecting grade quality of a systematic review
high or unclear risk of bias - design issues of poor conduct of studies inconsistency between studies - heterogeneity indirectness - PICO - were all studies similar in what they set out to do? - same topic imprecision - numbers and CI - wide confidence intervals publication bias - likely that negative/null results not published?
43
RR=1 or 100% means
no effect
44
relative risk reduction
proportion of the risk removed by treatment absolute risk reduction divided by initial risk in control group
45
Absolute risk reduction - define
Absolute change in risk the risk of an event in the control group minus the risk in the treated group usually expressed as a percentage
46
if confidence interval crosses 1...
not statistically significant
47
What is a systematic review?
a type of literature review that uses systematic methods to collect secondary data, critically appraise research studies and synthesise studies
48
benefits of systematic reviews vs single studies
save readers time - efficient way of bringing a body of literature together to answer a specific question provide reliable evidence - unbiased comprehensive picture of a body of evidence resolve inconsistencies - single studies can produce conflicting results identify gaps - where good studies are not available - acts as a cattalos for better distend primary studies identifies when questions have been fully answered
49
key characteristics of a systematic review
well formulated question comprehensive data search unbiased selection and abstraction process assessment of papers synthesis of data
50
what is publication bias
statistically significant 'positive' results are more likely to be published
51
time lag bias
more statistically significant results are more likely to be published rapidly
52
language bias
results more likely to be published in English - more likely to be published faster
53
citation bias
statistically significant results more likely be cited by others
54
types of reporting biases
publication time lag language citation
55
what is meta-analysis
process of using statistical methods to combine results of different studies - optional part of systematic review
56
aim of meta analysis
integrate findings, pool data and identify overall trend of results
57
meta analysis advantages
an increase in power improved precision
58
How many hours of CPD are required over a 5 year cycle? how many verifiable?
250 hours 100 hours verifiable
59
GDC recommend CPD topics
highly recommended: - medical emergencies - disinfection and decontamination - radiography and radiation protection other recommended areas - legal and ethical issues - complaints handling - oral cancer; early detection - safeguarding children and young people - safeguarding vulnerable adults
60
how can bias occur in randomised controlled trials?
sequence generation (selection bias) allocation concealment blinding incomplete outcome data selective reporting (reporting bias) other bias - e.g. funding source, compliance etc
61
types of heterogeneity in studies
clinical - variation in participants, interventions, outcomes, study design methodological - variation in methods used in studies e.g. quality of allocation concealment statistical - excessive variation in the result of studies - variation in treatment affects above that expected by chance

1 - BDS4 finals - big topics (17 decks)

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