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BDS3 exam prep > PMHP > Flashcards

PMHP Flashcards

1
Q

what is SIMD

A

Scottish index of multiple deprivation
it ranks data zones from most to least deprived - scale 1-10

it takes into account several factors of deprivation - geographic access to services, health, crime, income, housing, employment, education

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2
Q

what are the roles of epidemiology

A

assess risk of disease
measurement of distribution and amount of disease
study the causes and determinants for a disease

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3
Q

define incidence

A

number of new disease cases developing over specific period of time

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4
Q

define prevalence

A

number of disease cases within a population at a given time

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5
Q

what is the selective criteria for causal association called?

A

Bradford Hill Criteria

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6
Q

what are aspects of the Bradford Hill Criteria

A

strength of association
dose response
change in risk factor - reduction
time sequence
consistency
specificity - defined exposures
biological plausibility
experimental preventative trials

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7
Q

what are confounding variables

A

type of extraneous variable which for some reason has been left uncontrolled

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8
Q

what takes care of confounding variables

A

stratification

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9
Q

what is descriptive epidemiology

A

investigates patterns and trends NOT causes
it is hypothesis generating

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10
Q

what is ecological fallacy

A

when looking at trends of disease it geographical area, it assumes that everyone in that area is homogenous

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11
Q

define absolute risk

A

incidence rate of disease amongst people exposed to agent

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12
Q

define attributable risk

A

difference between the incidence rates in exposed group and the incidence rates of non exposed group

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13
Q

define relative risk

A

ratio of incidence rates in exposed group to non exposed group

it measures proportionate increase in disease rates of exposed group

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14
Q

what is a COHORT study

A

where you recruit a group of people who have NOT manifested a disease at the time of recruitment and assess risk factors

individuals are observed over time to measure frequency of occurrence of a disease among exposed and non exposed risk factor

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15
Q

what is a CASE-CONTROL study

A

retrospective study
where you compare individuals with disease with those without - trace back to assess risk factors

individuals are matched to eliminate bias

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16
Q

what are confidence intervals

A

measures range of values
it is the mean of your estimate +/- variation in that estimate if it does NOT include value of 0 = can be assumed that there is a statistically significant result

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17
Q

what it the P value

A

it mesures statistic significance
if P <0.05 = significant
the narrower the interval (CI) the smaller the P value

18
Q

what are the standards developed to improve the reporting of RCTs

A

CONSORT

19
Q

what is PICO

A

Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome
- it is the framework used to formulate research Qs

20
Q

what are features of a RCT

A
  • specific inclusion and exclusion criteria of participants
  • there must be a control/comparison group
  • random (generated by computer)
  • blinded (participants and researchers = unaware)n
21
Q

what are the 3 stages in managing NEGLECT

A
  1. preventive dental team management = raise concerns, offer support, document and monitor
  2. preventive multi-agency management = liaise with other professionals e.g. health visitor, school…
  3. child protection referral –> social services (contact via telephone + follow up in writing)
22
Q

what is expected from the dental team when managing neglect

A

to:
-observe
- record
- communicate
- refer for assessment

NOT expected to diagnose

23
Q

what are the 3As of smoking cessation

A

ASK - establish and record smoking status
ADVISE - on personal benefits
ACT - offer help + signpost to services e.g. pharmacy, local support groups, ASH Scotland

24
Q

what are Qs you ask (smoking cessation)

A

would you like to seek help?
how many a day?
how long (years)?
what age did you start?
have you tried to quit? if so how many times?

25
Q

what are the 5As for smoking cessation

A

ASK
ADVICE
ASSESS
ASSIST
ARRANGE (follow up)

26
Q

what are examples of evidence based treatments for smoking cessation

A

NRT (nicotine replacement therapy)
Vareniciline

27
Q

what is a periodontal phenomenon experienced by smokers when they quit

A

transient gingival bleeding due to revascularisation

28
Q

what effects does smoking have on Oral Health

A

oral cancer
perio disease
increased risk for extraction + complications
halitosis
stained teeth
decreased healing ability

29
Q

although e-cigs are better than smoking tobacco what are known problems with them

A

causes dry mouth
increased bacteria from sugar enriched vapour
increased risk for perio

30
Q

what are 2 types of domestic abuse

A

situational couple violence - fighting/aggression (not involving control)

coercive and controlling behaviour

31
Q

what are the stats for men and women experiencing domestic abuse (Scotland)

A

1 in 5 women
1 in 6 men

32
Q

what are the age groups most at risk for domestic abuse

A

women - 16-24
men 16-19

33
Q

what are ACES

A

adverse childhood events
- abuse
- neglect
- household dysfunction
70% of population have at least 1

34
Q

what is gender based violence

A

violence directed against a person because of that person’s gender or violence that affects persons of a particular gender disproportionately.

a spectrum of various forms of abuse, not discrete but often interconnected

35
Q

what is the optimal dose of fluoride in drinking water

A

approx 0.1mg/F

36
Q

what are food and drink items that are naturally good sources for fluoride

A

black tea
wine
grape juice
raisins
crab
prawns

37
Q

what are methods of topical fluoride application

A

fluoride varnish 22 600 ppm F
fluoridated gels (APF 12 300 ppm F)
fluoride mouthrinses - daily 0.05% 227 ppmF; weekly 0.2% 909 ppm F
high fluoride toothpaste

38
Q

what are the mechanisms of topical fluoride that helps prevent caries

A
  • enhances remineralisation - promotes deposition of Ca and PO4 ions in enamel (repair early stages of tooth decay)
  • inhibits demineralisation - reduces acid production of bacteria in plaque
  • formation of fluroapatite = more resistant to acid and demineralisation
39
Q

what are the UK guidelines for F- tablets in children that have high risk caries

A

6m-3yrs 0.25mg F
3-6yrs 0.5mg F
>6yrs 1.0 mg F

40
Q

what much F- ingested would risk fluorosis

A

0.1mg/F/kg bodyweight

41
Q

how effective does fluoride mouthrinses reduce caries

A

by 30%

BDS3 exam prep (13 decks)

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